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the origins of contemporary france-4-第38部分

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。。。。  The Republic is one and indivisible。  Public instruction must

likewise relate to this center of unity。〃



'101' Decree of Vendémaire 30 and Brumaire 7; year II。  … Cf。  Sauzay;

VI。; 252; on the application of this decree in the provinces。



'102' Albert Duruy; 2L'Instruction publique et la Revolution;2 164; to

172 (extracts from various republican spelling…books and catechisms)。

… Decree of Frimaire 29; year II。; section I。; art。  I; 83; section

II。; art。  2; section III。; arts。  6 and 9。



'103' Moniteur; XVIII。; 653。  (Meeting of Frimaire 22; speech by

Bouquir; reporter。)



'104' Moniteur; XVIII。; 351…359。  (Meeting of Brumaire 15; year II。;

report by Chénier。) 〃You have made laws … create habits。  。  。  。  You

can apply to the public instruction of the nation the same course that

Rousseau follows in 'Emile。' 〃



'105' The words of Bouquier; reporter。  (Meeting of Frimaire 22; year

II。)



'106' Buchez et Roux; XXIV; 57 (Plan by Le Peletier de Saint…Fargeau;

read by Robespierre at the Convention; July 13; 1793。) … Ibid。; 35。

(Draft of a decree by the same hand。)



'107' Ibid。; XXX。; 229。  (〃Institutions;〃 by Saint…Just。)



'108' Buchez et Roux; XXXI。; 261。  (Meeting of Nivose 17。) On the

committee presenting the final draft of the decrees on public

instruction the Convention adopts the following article: 〃All boys

who; on leaving the primary schools of instruction; do not devote

themselves to tillage; will be obliged to learn some science; art or

occupation useful to society。  Otherwise; on reaching twenty; they

will be deprived of citizens' rights for ten years; and the same

penalty will be laid on their father; mother; tutor or guardian。〃



'109' Decree of Prairial 13; year II。



'110' Langlois; 〃Souvenirs de l'Ecole de Mars。〃



'111' Buchez et Roux; XXXII。; 355。  (Report by Robespierre; Floréal

18; year II。)



'112' Moniteur; XVIII。; 326。  (Meeting of the Commune; Brumaire 11;

year II。) the commissary announces that; at Fontainebleau and other

places; 〃he has established the system of equality in the prisons and

places of confinement; where the rich and the poor partake of the same

food。〃 … Ibid。; 210。  (Meeting of the Jacobins; Vendémiaire 29; year

II。  Speech by Laplance on his mission to Gers。) 〃Priests had every

comfort in their secluded retreats; the sans…culottes in the prisons

slept on straw。  The former provided me with mattresses for the

latter。〃 … Ibid。; XVIII。; 445。  (Meeting of the convention; Brumaire

26; year II。) 〃The Convention decrees that the food of persons kept in

places of confinement shall be simple and the same for all; the rich

paying for the poor。〃



'113' Archives Nationales。  (AF。  II。; 37; order of Lequinio; Saintes;

Nivose 1; year II。) 〃Citizens generally in all communes; are requested

to celebrate the day of the decade by a fraternal banquet which;

served without luxury or display 。  。  。  will render the man bowed

down with fatique insensible to his forlorn condition; which will fill

the soul of the poor and unfortunate with the sentiment of social

equality and raise man up to the full sense of his dignity; which will

suppress with the rich man the slightest feeling of pride and

extinguish in the public functionary all germs of haughtiness and

aristocracy。〃



'114' Archives Nationales; AF。  II。; ii。; 48 (Act of Floréal 25; year

II。) 〃the Committee of Public Safety request David; representative of

the people; to present his views and plans in relation to modifying

the present national costume; so as to render it appropriate to

republican habits and the character of the Revolution。〃 … Ibid。; (Act

of Prairial 5; year II。) for engraving and coloring twenty thousand

impressions of the design for a civil uniform; and six thousand

impressions for the three designs for a military; judicial and

legislative uniform。



'115' An identical change took; strangely enough and as caused by some

hidden force; place in Denmark in the seventies。  (SR。)



'116' This is now the case in the entire Western 'democratic' sphere;

in newspapers; schools; and on television。  (SR。)



'117' Ibid; XXXI。; 271。  (Report by Robespierre; Pluviose 1; year II。)

〃This sublime principle supposes a preference for public interests

over all private interests; from which it follows that the love of

country supposes again; or produces; all the virtues。〃 〃As the essence

of a republic or of democracy is equality; it follows that love of

country necessarily comprises a love of equality。〃 〃The soul of the

Republic is virtue; equality。〃 … Lavalette; 〃Memoirs;〃 I。; 254。

(Narrated by Madame Lavalette。) She was compelled to attend public

festivals; and; every month; the patriotic processions。  〃I was rudely

treated by my associates; the low women of the quarter; the daughter

of an emigré; of a marquis; or of an imprisoned mother; ought not to

be allowed the honor of their company; 。。。。  it was all wrong that she

was not made an apprentice。。。。  Hortense de Beauharnais was

apprenticed to her mother's seamstress; while Eugene was put with a

carpenter in the Faubourg St。  Germain。〃 The prevailing dogmatism has

a singular effect with simple…minded people。  (Archives Nationals; AF。

II。; 135。  petition of Ursule Riesler; servant to citizen Estreich and

arrested along with him; addressed to Garneri; agent of the Committee

of Public Safety。  She begs citizen Garnerin to interest himself in

obtaining her freedom。  She will devote her life to praying to the

Supreme Being for him; since he will redeem her life。  He is to

furnish her; moreover; with the means for espousing a future husband;

a genuine republican; by who she is pregnant; and who would not allow

her to entertain any idea of fanatical capers。









CHAPTER II。



I。



Reactionary concept of the State。  … Analogy between this idea of the

State and that of antiquity。  … Difference between antique and modern

society。  … Changed circumstances。



The Jacobin theory can then be summarized in the following points:



* The speculative creation of a curtailed type of human being。

* An effort to adapt the living man to this type。

* The interference of public authority in every branch of public

endeavor。

* Constraints put upon labor; trade and property; upon the family and

education; upon worship; habits; customs and sentiments。

* The sacrifice of the individual to the community。

* The omnipotence of the State。



No theory could be more reactionary since it moves modern man back to

a type of society which he; eighteen centuries ago; had already passed

through and left behind。



 During the historical era proceeding our own; and especially in the

old Greek or Latin cities; in Rome or Sparta; which the Jacobins take

for their models;'1' human society was shaped after the pattern of an

army or convent。  In a convent as in an army; one idea; absorbing and

unique; predominates:



* The aim of the monk is to plea
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