the origins of contemporary france-4-第31部分

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will　learn　to　read　in　the　Declaration　of　Rights　and　in　the

Constitution　of　1793。　　Republican　manuals　and　catechisms　will　be

prepared　for　their　use。＇102＇　〃They　must　be　taught　the　virtuous　traits

which　most　honor　free　men；　and　especially　the　traits　characteristic　of

the　French　Revolution；　the　best　calculated　to　elevate　the　soul　and

render　them　worthy　of　equality　and　liberty。〃　The　14th　of　July；　10th　of

August；　2nd　of　September；　21st　of　January；　and　31st　of　May　must　be

lauded　or　justified　in　their　presence。　　They　must　be　taken　to　meetings

of　the　municipalities；　to　the　law　courts；＇103＇　and　especially　to　the

popular　clubs；　from　these　pure　sources　they　will　derive　a　knowledge　of

their　rights；　of　their　duties；　of　the　laws；　of　republican　morality；〃

and；　on　entering　society；　they　will　find　themselves　imbued　with　all

good　maxims。　　Over　and　above　their　political　opinions　we　shape　their

ordinary　habits。　　We　apply　on　a　grand　scale　the　plan　of　education

drawn　out　by　Jean…Jacques　（Rousseau）。＇104＇　We　want　no　more　literary

prigs；　in　the　army；　〃the　'dandy'　breaks　down　during　the　first

campaign；＇105＇　we　want　young　men　able　to　endure　privation　and　fatigue；

toughened；　like　Emile；　〃by　hard　work〃　and　physical　exercise。　　…　We

have；　thus　far；　only　sketched　out　this　department　of　education；　but

the　agreement　amongst　the　various　plans　shows　the　meaning　and　bearings

of　our　principle。　　〃Children　generally；　without　exception；　says　Le

Peletier　de　Saint…Fargeau；＇106＇　the　boys　from　five　to　twelve；　the

girls　from　five　to　eleven　years　of　age；　must　be　brought　up　in　common

at　the　expense　of　the　Republic；　all；　under　the　sacred　law　of　equality；

are　to　receive　the　same　clothing；　the　same　food；　the　same　education；

the　same　attention　〃in　boarding…schools　distributed　according　to

cantons；　and　containing　each　from　four　to　six　hundred　pupils。



〃Pupils　will　be　made　to　submit　every　day　and　every　moment　to　the　same

rigid　rules。。。　　Their　beds　must　be　hard；　their　food　healthy；　but

simple；　their　clothing　comfortable；　but　coarse。〃　Servants　will　not　be

allowed；　children　must　help　themselves　and；　besides　this；　they　must

wait　on　the　old　and　infirm；　lodged　with　or　near　them。　　　〃Among　daily

duties；　manual　labor　will　be　the　principal　thing；　all　the　rest　will　be

accessory。〃　Girls　must　learn　to　spin；　sew　and　wash　clothes；　the　boys

will　work　the　roads；　be　shepherds；　ploughmen　and　work…hands；　both　will

have　tasks　set　them；　either　in　the　school…workshops；　or　in　the　fields

and　factories　in　the　neighborhood；　they　will　be　hired　out　to

surrounding　manufacturers　and　to　the　tillers　of　the　soil。　　Saint…Just

is　more　specific　and　rigid。＇107＇　　〃Male　children　from　five　to　sixteen

years　of　age；　must　be　raised　for　their　country。　　They　must　be　clad　in

common　cloth　at　all　seasons；　and　have　mats　for　beds；　and　sleep　eight

hours。　　They　are　to　have　common　food　only；　fruits；　vegetables；

preparations　of　milk；　bread　and　water。　　They　must　not　eat　meat　before

sixteen　。　　。　　Their　education；　from　ten　to　sixteen；　is　to　be　military

and　agricultural。　　They　will　be　formed　into　companies　of　sixty；　six

companies　make　a　battalion；　the　children　of　a　district　form　a　legion；

they　will　assemble　annually　at　the　district　town；　encamp　there　and

drill　in　infantry　tactics；　in　arenas　specially　provided　for　the

purpose；　they　will　also　learn　cavalry　maneuvers　and　every　other

species　of　military　evolution。　　In　harvest　time　they　are　to　be

distributed　amongst　the　harvesters。〃　After　sixteen；　〃they　enter　the

crafts；〃　with　some　farmer；　artisan；　merchant　or　manufacturer；　who

becomes　their　titular　〃instructor；〃　and　with　whom　they　are　bound　to

remain　up　to　the　age　of　twenty…one；　〃under　the　penalty　of　being

deprived　for　life　of　a　citizen's　rights。＇108＇　。　　。　　。　　All　children

will　dress　alike　up　to　sixteen　years　of　age；　from　twenty…one　to

twenty…five；　they　will　dress　as　soldiers；　if　they　are　not　in　the

magistracy。〃　…　Already　we　show　the　effects　of　the　theory　by　one

striking　example；　we　founded　the　〃Ecole　de　Mars；〃＇109＇　we　select　out

of　each　district　six　boys　from　sixteen　to　seventeen　and　a　half　years

old　〃among　the　children　of　sans…culottes；〃　we　summon　them　to　Paris；

〃to　receive　there；　through　a　revolutionary　education；　whatever　belongs

to　the　knowledge　and　habits　of　a　republican　soldier。　　They　are

schooled　in　fraternity；　in　discipline；　in　frugality；　in　good　habits；

in　love　of　country　and　in　detestation　of　kings。〃　three　or　four

thousand　young　people　are　lodged　at　the　Sablons；　〃in　a　palisaded

enclosure；　the　intervals　of　which　are　guarded　by　chevaux　de　frises　and

sentinels。〃＇110＇　We　puts　them　into　tents；　we　feed　them　with　bran

bread；　rancid　pork；　water　and　vinegar；　we　drill　them　in　the　use　of

arms；　we　march　them　out　on　national　holidays　and　stimulate　them　with

patriotic　harangues。　　…　Suppose　all　Frenchmen　educated　in　such　a

school；　the　habits　they　acquire　in　youth　will　persist　in　the　adult；

and；　in　each　adult　we　shall　find　the　sobriety；　energy　and　patriotism

of　a　Spartan　or　Roman。



Already；　under　the　pressure　of　our　decrees；　civism　affects　customs；

and　there　are　manifest　signs；　on　all　sides；　of　public　regeneration。

〃The　French　people；〃　says　Robespierre；　〃seems　to　have　outstripped　the

rest　of　humanity；　by　two　thousand　years；　one　might　be　tempted　to

regard　them；　living　amongst　them；　as　a　different　species。　　In　the　rest

of　Europe；　a　ploughman；　an　artisan；　is　an　animal　formed　for　the

pleasures　of　a　noble；　in　France；　the　nobles　are　trying　to　transform

themselves　into　ploughmen　and　artisans；　but　do　not　succeed　in

obtaining　that　honor。〃＇111＇　Life　in　all　directions　is　gradually

assuming　democratic　forms　Wealthy　prisoners　are　prohibited　from

purchasing　delicacies；　or　procuring　special　conveniences；　they　eat

along　with　the　poor　prisoners　the　same　ration；　at　the　common

mess＇112＇。　　Bakers　have　orders　to　make　but　one　quality　of　bread；　the

brown　bread　called　equality　bread；　and；　to　obtain　his　ration；　each

person　must　place　himself　in　line　with　the　rest　of　the　crowd。　　On

holidays＇113＇　everybody　will　bring　his　provisions　down　into　the　street

and　eat　as　one　family　with　his　neighbor；　on　décadi　all　are　to　sing　and

dance　together；　pell…mell；　in　the　temple　of　the　Supreme　being。　　The

decrees　of　the　Convention　and　the　orders　of　the　representatives　impose

the　republican　cockade　on　women；　public　opinion　and　example　impose　on

men　the　costume　and　appearance　of　sans…culottes　we　see　even　dandies

wearing　mustaches；　long　hair；　red　cap；　vest　and　heavy　wooden

shoes。＇114＇　Nobody　calls　a　person　Monsieur　or　Madame；　the　only　titles

allowed　are　citoyen　and　citoyenne　while　thee　and　Thou　is　the　general

rule。　　Rude　familiarity　takes　the　place　of　monarchical　politeness；　all

greet　each　other　as　equals　and　comrades。＇115＇　　There　is　now　only　one

tone；　one　style；　one　language；　revolutionary　forms　constitute　the

tissue　of　speech；　as　well　as　of　written　discourse；　thought　now　seems

to　consists　entirely　of　our　ideas　and　phrases。＇116＇　All　names　are

transformed；　those　of　months　and　of　days；　th