the origins of contemporary france-4-第29部分

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sell　only　at　an　exorbitant　rate；　and　worse　still；　stop　selling　and

store　their　goods　or　products；　in　the　expectation　of　selling　them

dearer。　　In　this　way；　they　speculate　on　another's　wants；　they　augment

the　general　distress　and　become　public　enemies。　　Nearly　all　the

agriculturists；　manufacturers　and　tradesmen　of　the　day；　little　and

big；　are　public　enemies　…　farmers；　tenant　farmers；　market…gardeners；

cultivators　of　every　degree；　as　well　as　foremen；　shopkeepers；

especially　wine…dealers；　bakers　and　butchers。



〃All　merchants　are　essentially　anti…revolutionaries；　and　would　sell

their　country　to　gain　a　few　pennies。〃＇78＇



We　will　not　tolerate　this　legal　brigandage。　　Since　〃agriculture　has

done　nothing　for　liberty　and　has　sought　only　its　own　gain；〃＇79＇　we

will　put　it　under　surveillance；　and；　if　necessary；　under　control。

Since　〃commerce　has　become　a　species　of　miserly　tyrant；〃　since　〃it　has

become　self…paralyzed；〃　and；　〃through　a　sort　of　anti…revolutionary

contempt；　neglected　the　manufacture；　handling　and　expedition　of

diverse　materials；〃　we　will　thwart　〃the　calculations　of　its　barbarous

arithmetic；　and　purge　it　of　the　aristocratic　and　corrupting

fermentation　which　oppresses　it。〃　We　make　monopoly　〃a　capital

crime；〃＇80＇　we　call　him　a　monopolist　who　〃takes　food　and　wares　of

prime　necessity　out　of　circulation；〃　and　〃keeps　them　stored　without

daily　and　publicly　offering　them　for　sale。〃　Penalty　of　death　against

whoever；　within　eight　days；　does　not　make　a　declaration；　or　if　he

makes　a　false　one。　　Penalty　of　death　against　the　dealer　who　does　not

post　up　the　contents　of　his　warehouse；　or　who　does　not　keep　open　shop。

Penalty　of　death　against　any　person　who　keeps　more　bread　on　hand　than

he　needs　for　his　subsistence。＇81＇　Penalty　of　death　against　the

cultivator　who　does　not　bring　his　grain　weekly　to　market。　　Penalty　of

death　against　the　dealer　who　does　not　post　up　the　contents　of　his

warehouse；　or　who　does　not　keep　open　shop。　　Penalty　of　death　against

the　manufacturer　who　does　not　verify　the　daily　use　of　his　workable

material。　　…　As　to　prices；　we　intervene　authoritatively　between　buyer

and　seller；　we　fix　the　maximum　price　for　all　objects　which；　near　or

remotely；　serve　to　feed；　warm　and　clothe　man；　we　will　imprison　whoever

offers　or　demands　anything　more。　　Whether　the　dealer　or　manufacturer

pays　expenses　at　this　rate；　matters　not；　if；　after　the　maximum　is

fixed；　he　closes　factory；　or　gives　up　business；　we　declare　him　a

〃suspect；〃　we　chain　him　down　to　his　pursuit；　we　oblige　him　to　lose　by

it。　　…　This　is　the　way　to　clip　the　claws　of　beasts　of　prey；　little　and

big！　But　the　claws　grow　out　again；　and；　instead　of　paring　them　down；

it　would　probably　be　better　to　pull　them　out。　　Some　amongst　us　have

already　thought　of　that；　the　right　of　pre…emption　shall　be　applied　to

every　article；　〃in　each　department；　national　storehouse　might　be

established　where　farmers；　land…owners　and　manufacturers　would　be

obliged　to　deposit　at　a　fixed　price；　paid　down；　the　surplus　of　their

consumption　of　every　species　of　merchandise。　　The　nation　would

distribute　this　merchandise　to　wholesale　dealers；　reserving　a　profit

of　six　per　cent。　　The　profit　of　the　wholesale　dealer　would　be　fixed　at

eight　per　cent　and　that　of　the　retailer　at　twelve　per　cent。〃＇82＇　In

this　way　；　farmers；　manufacturers；　and　merchants　would　all　become

clerks　of　the　State；　appointed　on　a　premium　or　a　discount；　unable　to

gain　a　great　deal；　they　would　not　be　tempted　to　gain　too　much；　they

would　cease　to　be　greedy　and　soon　cease　to　be　egoists。＇83＇　　…　Since；

fundamentally；　egoism　is　the　capital　vice　and　individual

proprietorship　the　food　that　nourishes　it；　why　not　suppress　individual

proprietorship　altogether？　Our　extreme　logicians；　with　Bab？uf　at　the

head　of　them；　go　as　far　as　that；　and　Saint…Just　seems　to　be　of　that

opinion。＇84＇　We　are　not　concerned　with　the　enacting　of　an　Agrarian；

the　nation　may　reserve　the　soil　to　itself　and　divide　among

individuals；　not　the　soil；　but　its　lease。　　The　outcome　of　this

principle　affords　us　a　glimpse　of　an　order　of　things　in　which　the

State；　sole　proprietor　of　real…estate；　sole　capitalist；　sole

manufacturer；　sole　trader；　having　all　Frenchmen　in　its　pay　and

service；　would　assign　to　each　one　his　task　according　to　his　aptitude；

and　distribute　to　each　one　his　rations　according　to　his　wants。＇85＇　

These　various　uncompleted　plans　still　float　in　a　hazy　distance　but

their　common　purpose　is　clearly　distinguishable。



　〃All　which　tends　to　center　human　passions　on　the　vile；　individual　ego

must　be　repudiated　or　repressed；〃＇86＇



　We　should　annihilate　special　interests；　deprive　the　individual　of　the

motives　and　means　for　self…isolation；　suppress　preoccupations　and

ambitions　by　which　Man　makes　himself　a　focal　point　at　the　expense　of

the　real　center；　in　short；　to　detach　him　from　himself　in　order　to

attach　him　wholly　to　the　State。



This　is　why；　disregarding　the　narrow　egoism　through　which　the

individual　prefers　himself　to　the　community；　we　strive　towards　the

enlarged　egoism　by　which　the　individual　prefers　the　community　to　the

group　of　which　he　forms　a　part。　　Under　no　pretext　must　he　separate

himself　from　the　whole；　at　no　price；　must　he　be　allowed　to　form　for

himself　a　small　homeland　within　the　large　one；　for；　by　the　affection

he　entertains　for　the　small　one；　he　frustrates　the　objects　of　the

large　one。　　Nothing　is　worse　than　political；　civil；　religious　and

domestic　federalism；　we　combat　it　under　all　its　forms。＇87＇　　In　this

particular；　the　Constituent　Assembly　has　paved　the　way　for　us；　since

it　has　broken　up　all　the　principal　historic　or　material　groups　by

which　men　have　separated　themselves　from　the　masses　and　formed　a　band

apart；　provinces；　clergy；　nobles；　parliaments；　religious　orders　and

trades…unions。　　We　complete　its　work；　we　destroy　churches；　we　suppress

literary　or　scientific　associations；　educational　or　benevolent

societies；　even　down　to　financial　companies。＇88＇　We　prohibit　any

departmental　or　commercial　〃local　spirit：〃　we　find



〃odious　and　opposed　to　all　principles；　that；　amongst　municipalities；

some　should　be　rich　and　others　poor；　that　one　should　have　immense

patrimonial　possessions　and　another　nothing　but　debts。〃＇89＇



　We　regard　these　possessions　as　the　nation's；　and　we　place

indebtedness　to　the　nation's　account。　　We　take　grain　from　rich

communes　and　departments；　to　feed　poor　communes　and　departments。　　We

build　bridges；　roads　and　canals　of　each　district；　at　the　expense　of

the　State；　〃we　centralize　the　labor　of　the　French　people　in　a　broad；

opulent　fashion。〃＇90＇　　We　want　no　more　local　interests；　recollections；

dialects；　idioms　and　patriotisms。　　Only　one　bond　should　subsist

between　individuals；　that　which　attaches　them　to　the　social　body。　　We

sunder　all　others；　we　do　not　tolerate　any　special　aggregation；　we　do

the　best　we　can　to　break　up　the　most　tenacious　of　all；　the　family。　　…

We　therefore　give　marriage　the　status　of　an　ordinary　contract：　we

render　this　loose　and　p