the origins of contemporary france-4-第22部分

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Chatelet；　Brochet　and　Lerry；　when　they　met　Robespierre；　returning　to

the　National　Convention　arm…in…arm　with　Barère。　　Fouquier　adds；　that

they　were　treated　as　aristocrats　and　anti…revolutionaries；　and

threatened　with　death　if　they　refused　to　remain　on　their　posts。〃

Analogous　declarations　by　Pigeot；　Ganne；　Girard；　Dupley；　Foucault；

Nollin　and　Madre。　　〃Sellier　adds；　that　the　tribunal　having

remonstrated　against　the　law　of　Prairial　22；　he　was　threatened　with

arrest　by　Dumas。　　Had　we　resigned；　he　says；　Dumas　would　have

guillotined　us。



＇124＇　Moniteur；　XXIV。；　12。　　（Session　of　Vent？se　29；　year　III。；　speech

by　Baileul）。　　〃Terror　subdued　all　minds；　suppressed　all　emotions；　it

was　the　force　of　the　government；　while　such　was　this　government　that

the　numerous　inhabitants　of　a　vast　territory　seemed　to　have　lost　the

qualities　which　distinguish　man　from　a　domestic　animal。　　They　seemed

even　to　have　no　life　except　what　the　government　accorded　to　them。

Human　personality　no　longer　existed；　each　individual　was　simply　a

machine；　going；　coming；　thinking　or　not　thinking　as　he　was　impelled　or

stimulated　by　tyranny。〃



＇125＇　Decree　of　Frimaire　14；　year　II。；　Dec。　　4；　1793。



＇126＇　Moniteur；　XVII。；　473；　474；　478。　　（Speech　by　Billaud…Varennes）。

〃The　sword　of　Damocles　must　henceforth　be　brandished　over　the　entire

surface。〃　This　expression　of　Billaud　sums　up　the　spirit　of　every　new

institution。



＇127＇　Moniteur；　XVIII。；　275。　　（Session　of　Oct。　　26。　　1793；　speech　by

Barère。）　〃This　is　the　most　revolutionary　step　you　can　take。〃

（Applause。）



＇128＇　Ibid。；　520。　　（Report　of　Barère　and　decree　in　conformity）。　　〃The

representatives　sent　on　mission　are　required　to　conform　strictly　to

the　acts　of　the　Committee　of　Public　Safety。　　Generals　and　other　agents

of　the　executive　power　will；　under　no　pretext；　obey　any　special　order；

that　they　may　refuse　to　carry　out　the　said　acts。〃　…　Moniteur；　XVIII。；

291。　　（Report　by　Barère；　Oct。　　29；　1793。）　At　this　date　one　hundred　and

forty　representatives　are　on　mission。



＇129＇　Archives　Nationales；　AF。　　II。；　22。　　（Papers　of　the　'Committee　of

Public　Safety。　　Note　on　the　results　of　the　revolutionary　government

without　either　date　or　signature。）　〃The　law　of　Frimaire　14　created　two

centers　of　influence　from　which　action　spread；　in　the　sense　of　the

Committee；　and　which　affected　the　authorities。　　These　two　pivots　of

revolutionary　rule　outside　the　Committee　were　the　representatives　of

the　people　on　missions　and　the　national　agents　controlling　the

district　committees。　　The　word　revolutionary　government　alone

exercised　an　incalculable　magical　influence。〃　…　Mallet…Dupan；

〃Mémoires；〃　II。；　p。　　2；　and　following　pages。







BOOK　SECOND。　　THE　JACOBIN　PROGRAM。



CHAPTER　I。



I。　　　The　Doctrine。



Program　of　the　Jacobin　party。　　　Abstract　principle　and　spontaneous

development　of　the　theory。



Nothing　is　more　dangerous　than　a　general　idea　in　narrow　and　empty

minds：　as　they　are　empty；　it　finds　no　knowledge　there　to　interfere

with　it；　as　they　are　narrow　it　is　not　long　before　it　occupies　the

place　entirely。　　Henceforth　they　no　longer　belong　to　themselves　but

are　mastered　by　it；　it　works　in　them　and　through　them；　the　man；　in　the

true　sense　of　the　word；　being　possessed。　　Something　which　is　not

himself；　a　monstrous　parasite；　a　foreign　and　disproportionate

conception；　lives　within　him；　developing　and　giving　birth　to　the　evil

purposes　with　which　it　is　pregnant。　　He　did　not　foresee　that　he　would

have　them；　he　did　not　know　what　his　dogma　contained；　what　venomous　and

murderous　consequences　were　to　issue　from　it。　　They　issue　from　it

fatally；　each　in　its　turn；　and　under　the　pressure　of　circumstances；　at

first　anarchical　consequences　and　now　despotic　consequences。　　Having

obtained　power；　the　Jacobin　brings　his　fixed　idea　along　with　him；

whether　at　the　head　of　the　government　or　in　opposition　to　it；　this

idea　is　fruitful；　and　the　all…powerful　dogma　projects　over　a　new

domain　the　innumerable　links　of　its　endless　chain。



II。　　　A　Communist　State。。



The　Jacobin　concept　of　Society。　　　The　Contrat…Social。　　　Total

surrender　of　the　Individual　to　the　Community。　　　Everything　belongs

to　the　State。　　　Confiscations　and　Sequestrations。　　　Pre…emption

and　requisition　and　requisition　of　produce　and　merchandise。　　

Individuals　belong　to　the　State。　Drafts　of　persons　for　Military

service。　　　Drafts　of　persons　for　the　Civil　service。　　　The　State

philanthropist；　educator；　theologian；　moralist；　censor　and　director　of

ideas　and　intimate　feelings。



Let　us　trace　this　inward　development　and　go　back；　along　with　the

Jacobin；　to　first　principles；　to　the　original　pact；　to　the　first

organization　of　society。　　There　is　but　one　just　and　sound　society；　the

one　founded　on　the　〃contrat…social；〃　and



　〃the　clauses　of　this　contract；　fully　understood；　reduce　themselves　to

one；　the　total　transfer　of　each　individual；　with　all　his　rights；　to

the　community；　。　　。　　。　　。　　each　surrendering　himself　up　absolutely；

just　as　he　actually　stands；　he　and　all　his　forces；　of　which　the

property　he　possesses　forms　a　part。〃＇1＇



There　must　be　no　exception　or　reservation。　　Nothing　of　what　he

previously　was；　or　had；　now　belongs　to　him　in　his　own　right；

henceforth；　what　he　is；　or　has；　devolves　upon　him　only　through

delegation。　　His　property　and　his　person　now　form　a　portion　of　the

commonwealth。　　If　he　is　in　possession　of　these；　his　ownership　is　at

second　hand；　if　he　derives　any　benefit　there　from；　it　is　as　a

concession。　　He　is　their　depository；　trustee　and　administrator；　and

nothing　more。＇2＇　　In　other　words；　with　respect　to　these　he　is　simply　a

managing　director；　that　is　to　say　a　functionary　like　others；　with　a

precarious　appointment　and　always　revocable　by　the　State　which　has

appointed　him。



　〃As　nature　gives　to　every　man　absolute　power　over　the　members　of　his

body　the　social　pact　gives　the　social　body　absolute　power　over　all　its

members。〃



The　State；　as　omnipotent　sovereign　and　universal　proprietor；　exercises

at　discretion；　its　boundless　rights　over　persons　and　things；

consequently　we；　its　representatives；　take　all　things　and　persons　into

our　hands；　as　they　belong　to　it；　so　do　they　belong　to　us。



We　have　confiscated　the　possessions　of　the　clergy；　amounting　to　about

four　billion　livres；　we　confiscate　the　property　of　the　emigrés；

amounting　to　three　billion　livres；＇3＇　we　confiscate　the　property　of

the　guillotined　and　deported：　all　this　amounts　to　some　hundreds　of

millions；　later　on；　the　count　will　be　made；　because　the　list　remains

open　and　is　being　daily　added　to。　　We　will　sequestrate　the　property　of

〃suspects；〃　which　gives　us　the　right　to　use　it：　here　are　many　hundred

millions　more；　after　the　war　and　the　banishment　of　〃suspects；〃　we

shall　seize　the　property　along　with　its　income：　here；　again；　are

billions　of　capital。＇4＇　Meanwhile　we　take　the　property　of　hospitals

and　of　other　benevolent　institutions；　about　eight　hundred　million

livres　；　we　take　the　propert