the origins of contemporary france-4-第194部分

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constitutes　an　organized　and　visible　society；　a　hierarchy；　not

external　and　veneered；　but　moral　and　deep…seated；　with　uncontested

titles；　recognized　superiorities；　an　accepted　subordination；　rights

and　duties　stamped　on　all　consciences；　in　brief；　what　has　always　been

wanting　in　revolutionary　institutions；　the　discipline　of　sentiments

and　emotions。　　Give　to　these　men　a　countersign　and　they　do　not

discuss；　provided　it　is　legal；　or　seems　so；　they　act　accordingly；　not

merely　against　strangers；　but　against　Frenchmen：　thus；　already　on　the

13th　Vendémiaire　they　mowed　down　the　Parisians；　and　on　the　18th　of

Fructidor　they　purged　the　Legislative　Corps。　　Let　a　famous　general

appear；　and　provided　he　respects　formalities；　they　will　follow　him　and

once　more　repeat　the　operation。　　…　One　does　appear；　one　who　for　three

years　has　thought　of　nothing　else；　but　who　on　this　occasion　will

repeat　the　operation　only　for　his　own　advantage。　　He　is　the　most

illustrious　of　all；　and　precisely　the　conductor　or　promoter　of　the　two

previous　ones；　the　very　same　who　personally　brought　about　the　13th　of

Vendémiaire；　and　likewise；　at　the　hands　of　his　lieutenant；　Augereau；

the　18th　of　Fructidor。　　…　Let　him　be　authorized　by　the　semblance　of　a

decree；　let　him　be　appointed　major…general　of　the　armed　force　by　a

minority　of　one　of　the　Councils；　and　the　army　will　march　behind　him。

…　Let　him　issue　the　usual　proclamations；　let　him　summon　〃his　comrades〃

to　save　the　Republic　and　clear　the　hall　of　the　Five　Hundred；　his

grenadiers　will　enter　with　fixed　bayonets　and　even　laugh　at　the　sight

of　the　deputies；　dressed　as　for　the　opera；　scrambling　off

precipitately　out　of　the　windows。＇149＇　…　Let　him　manage　the

transitions；　let　him　avoid　the　ill…sounding　name　of　dictator；　let　him

assume　a　modest　and　yet　classic　revolutionary　Roman　title；　let　him

along　with　two　others　be　simple　consuls；　the　soldiers；　who　have

neither　time　nor　leisure　to　be　publicists　and　who　are　only　skin…deep

republicans；　will　ask　nothing　more。　　They　regard　their　system　as　a

very　good　one　for　the　French　people；　the　despotic　system　without　which

there　can　be　no　army；　that　which　places　the　absolute　command　in　the

hands　of　one　individual。　　…　Let　him　put　down　other　Jacobins；　let　him

revoke　their　late　decrees　on　hostages　and　the　forced　loan；　let　him

restore　safety　and　security　to　persons；　property　and　consciences；　let

him　bring　back　order；　economy　and　efficiency　to　the　administrations；

let　him　provide　for　public　services；　hospitals；　roads　and　schools；　the

whole　of　civil　France　will　welcome　its　liberator；　protector　and

restorer。＇150＇　…　In　his　own　words；　the　system　he　brings　is　that　of

〃the　alliance　of　Philosophy　with　the　Sword；〃　philosophy　meaning；　as

it　was　then　understood；　the　application　of　abstract　principles　to

politics；　the　logical　construction　of　a　State　according　to　general

and　simple　notices　with　a　social　plan；　uniform　and　rectilinear。

Now　as　we　have　seen；＇151＇　two　of　these　plans　square　with　this

theory；　one　anarchical　and　the　other　despotic；　naturally；　the

master　adopts　the　latter；　and；　like　a　practical　man；　he　builds

according　to　that　theory　a　substantial　edifice；　with　sand　and　lime；

habitable　and　well　suited　to　its　purposes。　　All　the　masses　of　the

great　work…civil　code；　university；　Concordat；　prefectoral　and

centralized　administration…all　the　details　of　its　arrangement　and

distribution　of　places；　tend　to　one　general　effect；　which　is　the

omnipotence　of　the　State；　the　omnipresence　of　the　government；　the

abolition　of　local　and　private　initiative；　the　suppression　of

voluntary　free　association；　the　gradual　dispersion　of　small

spontaneous　groupings；　the　preventive　ban　of　prolonged　hereditary

works；　the　extinction　of　sentiments　by　which　the　individual　lives

beyond　himself　in　the　past　or　in　the　future。　　Never　were　finer

barracks　constructed；　more　symmetrical　and　more　decorative　in　aspect；

more　satisfactory　to　superficial　views；　more　acceptable　to　vulgar　good

sense；　more　suited　to　narrow　egoism；　better　kept　and　cleaner；　better

adapted　to　the　discipline　of　the　average　and　low　elements　of　human

nature；　and　better　adapted　to　dispersing　or　perverting　the　superior

elements　of　human　nature。　　In　this　philosophical　barracks　we　have

lived　for　eighty　years。



THE　END。



　（written　in　1889）。

__________________________________________________________________________

Notes：



＇1＇　Gaudin；　Duc　de　Ga？te；　〃Memoires；〃　I。；　28。　　Gaudin；　commissioner　of

the　Treasury；　meets　the　president　of　the　revolutionary　committee　of

his　quarter；　an　excellent　Jacobin；　who　says　to　him：　〃Eh；　well；　what's

all　this？　Robespierre　proscribed！　Is　it　possible？　What　is　wanted　…

everything　was　going　on　so　well！〃　（It　is　true　that　fifty　or　sixty

heads　fell　daily。）　〃I　replied；　'Just　so；　there　are　some　folks　that　are

never　satisfied。'〃



＇2＇　Mallet…Dupan；　〃Mémoires；〃　II。；　16。　　（Letter　of　January　8；　1795。）　…

Ibid。；　〃Correspondance　avec　la　cour　de　Vienne；〃　I。；　23；　25；　32；　34；

（January　8；　1795；　on　the　four　parties　com　posing　the　Convention）。



＇3＇　Marshal　Marmont：　〃Memoires；〃　I。；　120。　　（Report　of　General

Dugommier　on　the　capture　of　Toulon。）　〃That　memorable　day　avenged　the

general　will　of　a　partial　and　gangrened　will；　the　delirium　of　which

caused　the　greatest　misfortunes。〃



＇4＇　Memorial　of　the　ninety…four　survivors　Thermidor　30；　year　II。；

acquitted　Fructidor　28。



＇5＇　Carrier　indicted　Brumaire　21；　year　III。　　Decree　of　arrest　passed

by　498　out　of　500　votes；　Frimaire　3；　execution　Frimaire　26。　　Fouquier…

Tinville　indicted　Frimaire　28；　execution　Floréal　28；　there　being　419

witnesses　heard。　　Joseph　Lebon　indicted　Messidor　I；　year　III。　　Trial

adjourned　to　the　Somme　court；　Messidor　29；　execution　Vendémiaire　24；

year　IV。



＇6＇　Cf。　　chapters　4；　5　and　6　of　the　present　volume。　　Numbers　of

printed　documents　of　this　epoch　show　what　these　local　sovereigns　were。

The　principal　ones　in　the　department　of　Ain　were　〃Anselm；　who　had

placed　Marat's　head　in　his　shop。　　Duclos；　a　joiner；　living　before　the

31st　of　May　on　his　earnings；　he　became　after　that　a　gentleman　living

on　his　rents；　owning　national　domains；　sheep；　horses　and　pocket　books

filled　with　assignats。　　Laimant；　a　tailor；　in　debt；　furnishing　his

apartment　suddenly　with　all　the　luxuriousness　of　the　ancient　regime；

such　as　beds　at　one　hundred　pistoles　etc。　　Alban；　mayor；　placing　seals

everywhere；　was　a　blacksmith　and　father　of　a　family　which　he　supported

by　his　labor；　all　at　once　he　stops　working；　and　passes　from　a　state　of

dependence　to　one　of　splendor；　he　has　diamonds　and　earrings；　always

wearing　new　clothes；　fine　linen　shirts；　muslin　cravates；　silk

stockings；　etc。；　on　removing　the　seals　in　the　houses　of　those

imprisoned　and　guillotined；　little　or　nothing　was　found　in　them。

Alban　was　denounced　and　incarcerated　for　having　obliged　a　woman　of

Macon　to　give　him　four　hundred　francs　on　promising　to　interest　himself

in　her　husband。　　Such　are　the　Ain　patriots。　　Rollet；　another；　had　so

frightened　the　rural