友情提示:如果本网页打开太慢或显示不完整,请尝试鼠标右键“刷新”本网页!
the origins of contemporary france-4-第188部分
快捷操作: 按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页 按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页 按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部! 如果本书没有阅读完,想下次继续接着阅读,可使用上方 "收藏到我的浏览器" 功能 和 "加入书签" 功能!
Equality; which is the second article in the Jacobin credo。 The
object now is to mow down all the heads which rise above the common
level; and; this time; to mow them down; not one by one; but in large
groups。 Saint…Just himself had only covertly proposed so extensive
and so sweeping an operation。 Siéyès; Merlin de Douai; Reubell;
Chazal; Chénier; and Boulay de la Meurthe; more openly and decidedly
insist on a radical amputation。 According to them;'97' it is
necessary 〃to regulate this ostracism;〃 by banishing 〃all those whose
prejudices; pretensions; even existence; in a word; are incompatible
with republican government。〃 That is to say; not alone priests; but
likewise nobles and the ennobled; all parliamentarians; those who are
well…off and distinguished among the bourgeoisie and former notables;
about two hundred thousand property…holders; men and women; in short;
all who still remained among those oppressed and ruined by the
Revolution。'98' … The proposal was turned down by the ex…noble Barras
and by the public out…cry 〃of merchants and workmen themselves;〃 and
banishment is replaced by civic degradation。 Henceforth;'99' every
noble or ennobled person; even if he has not left the territory; even
if he has constantly and punctually obeyed revolutionary laws; even if
he be not related to; or allied with; any émigré; finds himself
deprived of his quality as a Frenchman。 The fact alone of his being
ennobled or noble before 1789; obliged him to be naturalized according
to legal forms and conditions。 … As to the 150;000 gentlemen;
artisans and farmers who have emigrated or who have been accused of
emigration; if they have returned to; or remain in France; they are to
leave Paris and all communes above 20;000 souls within twenty…four
hours; and France in fifteen days。 If not; they are to be arrested;
brought before the military commissions and shot on the spot;'100' in
fact; in many places; at Paris; Besan?on and Lyons; they are shot。 …
Now; a large number of pretended emigrants; who had never left
France;'101' nor even their province; nor even their commune; and
whose names have been put on the lists simply to strip them of their
property; find that they are no longer protected either by the
constancy or the notoriety of their residence。 The new law is no
sooner read than they begin to imagine the firing squad; the natal
soil is too warm for them and they speedily emigrate。'102' On the
other hand; once the name is down on the list; rightly or wrongly; it
is never removed。 The government purposely refuses to strike it off;
while two decrees are applied which render its removal
impossible;'103' each name maintained on the list of spoliation and
death relieves the Revolution of a probable adversary; and places one
more domain at its disposal。
The Directory renews and aggravates the measures of the Convention
against the remainder of the property…holders: there is no longer a
disguised but a declared bankruptcy。 386;000 fund…holders and
pensioners are deprived of two…thirds of their revenue and of their
capital。'104' A forced loan of 100 millions is levied progressively;
and wholly on 〃the well…off class。〃 Finally; there is the law of
hostages; this being atrocious; conceived in the spirit of September;
1792; suggested by the famous motions of Collot d'Herbois against
those in confinement; and of Billaud…Varennes against the youth; Louis
XVII。; but extended; elaborated and drawn up with cool legal acumen;
and enforced and applied with the foresight of an administrator。
Remark that; without counting the Belgian departments; where an
extensive insurrection is under way and spreading; more than one…half
of the territory falls under the operation of this law。 for; out of
the eighty…six departments of France;'105' properly so called; forty…
five are at this moment; according to the terms of the decree;'106' 〃
declared to be in a state of civil uprising。〃 Actually; in these
departments; according to official reports; armed mobs of conscripts
are resisting the authorities charged with recruiting them; bands of
two hundred; three hundred and eight hundred men overrun the country;
troops of brigands force open the prisons; assassinate the gendarmes
and set their inmates free; the tax…collectors are robbed; killed or
maimed; municipal officers slain; proprietors ransomed; estates
devastated; and diligences stopped on the highways。〃 Now; in all these
cases; in all the departments; cantons or communes; three classes of
persons; at first the relations and allies of the émigrés; next the
former nobles and ennobled; and finally the 〃fathers; mothers;
grandfathers and grandmothers of persons who; without being ex…nobles
or relations of émigrés;〃 nevertheless form a part of the bands or
mobs; are declared 〃personally and civilly responsible〃 for the
violent acts committed。 Even when these acts are only 〃imminent;〃 the
administration of the department must; in its report; give a list of
all the men and women who are responsible; these are to be taken as
〃hostages;〃 and kept in confinement at their own expense in the local
jail。 If they escape; they must be put on the same footing as
émigrés; that is to say punished with death。 If any damage is
sustained; they are to pay costs; if any murder is committed or
abduction effected; four amongst them must be deported。 Observe;
moreover; that the local authorities are obliged; under severe
penalties; to execute the law at once。 Note that; at this date; they
are ultra Jacobin; since to inscribe on the list of hostages; not a
noble or a bourgeois; but an honest peasant or respectable artisan; it
suffices for these local sovereigns to designate his son or grandson;
who might either be absent; fugitive or dead; as being 〃notoriously
〃insurgent or refractory。 The fortunes; liberties and lives of every
individual in easy circumstances are thus legally surrendered to the
despotism; cupidity and hostility of the levelers in office。 …
Contemporaries estimate that 200;000 persons were affected by this
law。'107' The Directory; during the three months of existence yet
remaining to it; enforces it in seventeen departments; thousands of
women and old men are arrested; put in confinement; and ruined; while
several are sent off to Cayenne and this is called respect for the
rights of man。
VIII。 Propaganda and Foreign Conquests。
Propaganda and foreign conquests。 … Proximity and advantages of
Peace。 … Motives of the Fructidorians for breaking off peace
negotiations with England; and for abandoning the invasion of foreign
countries。 … How they found new republics。 … How governed。 …
Estimate of foreign rapine。 … Number of French lives sacrificed in
the war。
After the system which the Fructidoreans establish in France; we may
consider the system they impose abroad … always the same contrast;
between the name and the thing; the same phrases covering the same
misdeeds
快捷操作: 按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页 按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页 按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
温馨提示: 温看小说的同时发表评论,说出自己的看法和其它小伙伴们分享也不错哦!发表书评还可以获得积分和经验奖励,认真写原创书评 被采纳为精评可以获得大量金币、积分和经验奖励哦!