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the origins of contemporary france-4-第167部分

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distinct member of the social body any more than the pernicious metals

minted as current coin。〃



'6' Buchez et Roux; XXVI。; 95。  (Declaration of Rights presented in

the Jacobin Club; April 21; 1793。)



'7' Decrees in every commune establishing a tax on the rich in order

to render the price of bread proportionate to wages; also in each

large city to raise an army of paid sans…culottes; that will keep

aristocrats under their pikes; April 5…7。  … Decree ordering the

forced loan of a billion on the rich; May 20…25… … Buchez et Roux;

XXV。; 156。  (Speech by Charles; March 27。  … Gorsas; 〃Courrier des

Départements;〃 No。  for May I5; 1793。  (Speech by Simon in the club at

Annecy。) … Speech by Guffroy at Chartres; and of Chalier and

associates at Lyons; etc。



'8' Report by Minister Claviéres; February 1; 1793; p。  27。  … Cf。

Report of M。 de Montesquiou; September 9; 1791; p。  47。  〃During the

first twenty…six months of the Revolution the taxes brought in three

hundred and fifty…six millions less than they should naturally have

done。〃 … There is the same deficit in the receipts of the towns;

especially on account of the abolition of the octroi。  Paris; under

this head; loses ten millions per annum。



'9' Report by Cambon; Pluvi?se 3; year III。  〃The Revolution and the

war have cost in four years five thousand three hundred and fifty

millions above the ordinary expenses。〃 (Cambon; in his estimates;

purposely exaggerates ordinary expenses of the monarchy。  According to

Necker's budget; the expenditure in 1759 was fixed at five hundred and

thirty…one millions and not; as Cambon states; seven hundred millions。

This raises the expenses of the Revolution and of the war to seven

thousand one hundred and twenty…one millions for the four and a half

years; and hence to one thousand five hundred and eighty…one millions

per annum; that is to say; to triple the ordinary expenses。) The

expenses of the cities are therefore exaggerated like those of the

State and for the same reasons。



'10' Schmidt; 〃Pariser Zust?nde;〃 I。  93; 96。  〃During the first half

of the year 1789 there were seventeen thousand men at twenty sous a

day in the national workshops at Montmartre。  In 1790; there were

nineteen thousand。  In 1791; thirty…one thousand costing sixty

thousand francs a day。  In 1790; the State expends seventy…five

millions for maintaining the price of bread in Paris at eleven sous

for four pounds。  … Ibid。; 113。  During the first six months of 1793

the State pays the Paris bakers about seventy…five thousand francs a

day to keep bread at three sous the pound。



'11' Ibid。  I。; 139…144。



'12' Decree of September 27; 1790。  〃The circulation of assignats

shall not extend beyond one billion two hundred millions。。。。  Those

which are paid in shall be destroyed and there shall be no other

creation or emission of them; without a decree of the Corps

Legislatif; always subject to this condition that they shall not

exceed the value of the national possions nor obtain a circulation

above one billion two hundred millions。



'13' Schmidt; ibid。; I。; 104; 138; 144。



'14' Felix Rocquam; 〃L'Etat de la France au 18 Brumaire;〃 p。240。

(Report by Lacuée; year IX。  … Reports by préfets under the Consulate

(Reports of Laumont; préfet of the Lower…Rhine; year X。; of Coichen;

préfet of the Moselle; year XI。; etc。) … Schmidt; Pariser Zust?nde;〃

III。; 205。  (〃The rate of interest during the Revolution was from four

to five per cent。  per month; in 1796 from six to eight per cent。  per

month; the lowest rate being two per cent。  per month with security。〃)



'15' Arthur Young; 〃Voyage en France;〃 II。; 360。  (Fr。  translation。)

〃I regard Bordeaux as richer and more commercial than any city in

England except London。〃



'16' Ibid。; II。; 357。  The statistics of exports in France in 1787

give three hundred and forty…nine millions; and imports three hundred

and forty millions (leaving out Lorraine。  Alsace; the three Evéchés

and the West Indies)。…Ibid。; 360。  In 1786 the importations from the

West Indies amounted to one hundred and seventy…four millions; of

which St。  Domingo furnished one hundred and thirty…one millions; the

exports to the West Indies amounted to sixty…four millions; of which

St。  Domingo had forty…four millions。  These exchanges were effected

by five hundred and sixty…nine vessels carrying one hundred and sixty…

two thousand tons; of which Bordeaux provided two hundred and forty…

six vessels; carrying seventy…five thousand tons。  … On the ruin of

manufactures cf。  the reports of préfets in the year X。; with details

from each department。  … Arthur Young (II。; 444) states that the

Revolution affected manufactures more seriously than any other branch

of industry。



'17' Reports of préfets。  (Orme; year IX。) 〃The purchasers have

speculated on the profits for the time being; and have exhausted their

resources。  Many of them have destroyed all the plantations; all the

enclosures and even the fruit trees。〃 … Felix Rocquam; ibid。; 116。

(Report by Fourcroy on Brittany。) 〃The condition of rural structures

everywhere demands considerable capital。  But no advances; based on

any lasting state of things; can be made。〃 … Ibid。; 236。  (Report of

Lacuée on the departments around Paris。) 〃The doubtful owners of

national possessions cultivate badly and let things largely go to

ruin。〃



'18' Reports by préfets; years X。  and XI。  In general; the effect of

the partition of communal possessions was disastrous; especially

pasture and mountain grounds。  … (Doubs。) 〃The partition of the

communal property has contributed; in all the communes; rather to the

complete ruin of the poor than to any amelioration of their fate。〃 …

(Lozére。) 〃The partition of the communal property by the law of June

10; 1792; has proved very injurious to cultivation。〃 These partitions

were numerous。  (Moselle。) 〃Out of six hundred and eighty…six

communes; one hundred and seven have divided per capitum; five hundred

and seventy…nine by families; and one hundred and nineteen have

remained intact。〃



'19' Ibid。  (Moselle。) Births largely increase in 1792。  〃But this is

an exceptional year。  All kinds of abuses; paper…money; the non…

payment of taxes and claims; the partition in the communes; the sale

for nothing of national possessions; has spread so much comfort among

the people that the poorer classes; who are the most numerous; have

had no dread of increasing their families1 to which they hope some day

to leave their fields and render them happy。〃



'20' Mallet…Dupan; 〃Memoires;〃 II。; 29。  (February 1; 1794。) 〃The late

crop in France was generally good; and; in some provinces; it was

above the average。。。  I have seen the statements of two returns made

from twenty…seven departments; they declare an excess of fifteen;

twenty; thirty and thirty…five thousand bushels of grain。  There is no

real dearth。〃



'21' Schmidt; ibid。; I。; 110; and following pages。  … 
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