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the origins of contemporary france-4-第142部分

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State; five ma?tres de requêtes; fourteen bishops and archbishops;

twenty presidents and seventeen procureurs géneraux des parlements; or

of royal councils; twenty…five mayors; prév?ts des marchands;

capitouls; and equerries of large towns; the deputies of the 〃Etats〃

of Burgundy; Artois; Brittany and Languedoc; three ministers and two

chief clerks。  … The capacities were all there; on hand; for bringing

about a great reform; but there was no firm; strong; controlling hand;

that of a Richelieu or Frederic II。



'58' See 〃The Revolution II〃 Ed。 Lafont page 617。 US ediction P。  69。

(SR。)



'59' 〃Mémoires de Gaudin;〃 duc de Ga?te。



'60' Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 25; 24。  〃The War Committee is

composed of engineer and staff…officers; of which the principal are

Meussuer; Favart; St。  Fief; d'Arcon; LafitteClavé and a few others。

D'Arcon directed the raising of the siege of Dunkirk and that of

Maubenge。  。  。  。  These officers were selected with discernment;

they planned and carried out the operations; aided by immense

resources; in the shape of maps; plans and reconnaissances preserved

in the war department; they really operated according to the

experience and intelligence of the great generals under the monarchy。〃



'61' Miot de Melito; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 47。  … Andre Michel;

〃Correspondance de MalletDupan avec la Cour de Vienne;〃 I。; 26。

(January 3; 1795。) 〃The Convention feels so strongly the need of

suitable aids to support the burden of its embarrassments as to now

seek for them among pronounced royalists。  For instance; it has just

offered the direction of the royal treasury to M。 Dufresne; former

chief of the department under the reign of the late King; and retired

since 1790。  It is the same spirit and making a still more

extraordinary selection; which leads them to appoint M。 Gerard de

Rayneval to the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs; chief…clerk of

correspondence since the ministry of the Duc de Choiseul until that of

the Comte de Montmorin inclusive。  He is a man of decided opinions and

an equally decided character; in 1790 I saw him abandon the department

through aversion to the maxims which the Revolution had forcibly

introduced into it。



'62' Marshal Marmont; 〃Mémoires。〃 At nine years of age he rode on

horseback and hunted daily with his father。



'63' Among other manuscript documents; a letter of M。 Symn de

Carneville; March II; 1781。  (On the families of Carneville and

Montmorin…Saint…Herem; in 1789。) The latter family remains in France;

two of its members are massacred; two executed; a fifth 〃escaped the

scaffold by forestalling the justice of the people;〃 the sixth;

enlisted in the revolutionary armies; received a shot at nineteen

years of age which made him blind。  The other family emigrated; and

its chiefs; the count and viscount Carneville commanded; one; a free

company in the Austrian service; and the other; a regiment of hussars

in Conde's army。  Twelve officers of these two corps were brothers…in…

law; nephews; first…cousins and cousins of the two commanders; the

first of whom entered the service at fifteen; and the second at

eleven。  … Cf。  〃Mémoires du Prince de Ligne。〃 At seven or eight years

of age I had already witnessed the din of battle; I had been in a

besieged town; and saw three sieges from a window。  A little older; I

was surrounded by soldiers; old retired officers belonging to various

services; and living in the neighborhood fed my passion。… Turenne said

〃I slept on a gun…carriage at the age of ten。  My taste for war was so

great as to lead me to enlist with a captain of the 'Royal Vaissiaux;'

in garrison two leagues off。  If war had been declared I would have

gone off and let nobody know it。  I joined his company; determined not

to owe my fortune to any but valorous actions。〃 … Cf。  also 〃Mémoires

du Maréchal de Saxe。〃 A soldier at twelve; in the Saxon legion;

shouldering his musket; and marching with the rest; he completed each

stage on foot from Saxony to Flanders; and before he was thirteen took

part in the battle of Malplaquet。



'64' Alexandrine des Echerolles; 〃Un Famille Noble sous la Terreur;〃

p。25。  … Cf。  〃Correspondance de Madelle de Féring;〃 by Honore

Bonhomme。  The two sisters; one sixteen and the other thirteen;

disguised as men; fought with their father in Dumouriez' army。  … See

the sentiment of young nobles in the works of Berquin and Marmontel。

(Les Rivaux d' Eux…meme。)



'65' 〃 The Revolution;〃 I。; 158; 325。  Ibid。; the affair of M。 de

Bussy; 306; the affair of the eighty…two gentlemen of Caen; 316。  …

See in Rivarol (〃Journal Politique Nationale〃) details of the

admirable conduct of the Body…guards at Versailles; Oct。  5 and 6;

1789。



'66' The noble families under the ancient regime may be characterized

as so many families of soldiers' children。



'67' 〃L'Ancien Régime et la Revolution;〃 by M。 de Tocqueville; p。169。

My judgment; likewise based on the study of texts; and especially

manuscript texts; coincides here as elsewhere with that of M。 de

Tocqueville。  Biographies and local histories contain documents too

numerous to be cited。



'68' Sauzay; I。; introduction; and Ludovic Sciout; 〃 Histoire de la

Constitution Civile du Clergé;〃 I。; introduction。  (See in Sauzay;

biographical details and the grades of the principal ecclesiastical

dignitaries of the diocese Besan?on。) The cathedral chapter; and that

of the Madeleine; could be entered only through nobility or promotion;

it was requisite for a graduate to have a noble for a father; or a

doctor of divinity; and himself be a doctor of divinity or in canon

law。  Analogous titles; although lower down; were requisite for

collegiate canons; and for chaplains or familiars。



'69' The Revolution;〃 I。; 233。  … Cf。  Emile Ollivier; 〃L'Eglise et

l'Etat au Concile du Vatican;〃 I。; 134; II。; 511。



'70' Morellet; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 8; 31。  The Sorbonne; founded by Robert

Sorbon; confessor to St。  Louis; was an association resembling one of

the Oxford or Cambridge colleges; that is to say; a corporation

possessing a building; revenues; rules; regulations and boarders; its

object was to afford instruction in the theological sciences; its

titular members; numbering about a hundred; were mostly bishops;

vicars…general; canons; curés in Paris and in the principal towns。

Men of distinction were prepared in it at the expense of the Church。

… The examinations for the doctorate were the tentative; the mineure;

the Sorbonique and the majeure。  A talent for discussion and argument

was particularly developed。  … Cf。  Ernest Renan; 〃Souvenirs d'Enfance

et de Jeunesse;〃 p。279; (on St。  Sulpice and the study of Theology)。



'71' Cf。  the files of the clergy in the States…General; and the

reports of ecclesiastics in the provincial assemblies。



'72' 〃The Revolution;〃 p。72。  (Ed。  Lafont I; p 223 etc。)



'73' In some dioceses; notably that of Besan?on; the rural parishes

were served by di
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