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the origins of contemporary france-4-第141部分

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other copper and lead vessels; as well as copper and lead not worked…

up; found at Strasbourg and in the departments; be levied on。〃 …

Archives Nationales; AF。; I。; 92。  (Orders of Taillefer; Brumaire 3;

year II。  Villefranche 1'Avergnon。) Formation of a Committee of ten

persons directed to make domiciliary visits; and authorized to take

possession of all the iron; lead; steel and copper found in the houses

of 〃suspects;〃 all of which kitchen utensils; are to be turned into

cannon。  … Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 15。



'44' Moniteur; XXV。; 188。  (Speech by Blutels; July 9; 1795。)



'45' 〃Recueil du Pièces Authentiques;〃 etc。; I。; 24。  … Grégoire;

reports on Vandalism; Fructidor 14; year II。; and Brumaire 14; year

III。  (Moniteur; XXII。; 86 and 751。) … Ibid。; Letter of December 24;

1796: 〃Not millions; but billions have been destroyed。〃 … Ibid。;;

〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 334: 〃It is incalculable; the loss of religious;

scientific and literary objects。  The district administrations of

Blanc (Indre) notified me that to ensure the preservation of a

library; they had the books put in casks。〃 … Four hundred thousand

francs were expended in smashing statues of the Fathers of the church;

forming a circle around the dome of the Invalides。  … A great many

objects became worthless through a cessation of their use: for

example; the cathedral of Meaux was put up at auction and found no

purchaser at six hundred francs。  The materials were valued at forty…

five thousand francs; but labor (for taking it down) was too high。

(Narrative by an inhabitant of Meaux。)



'46' Les Origines du Système Financier Actuel;〃 by Eugene Sturm; p。53;

79。



'47' Meissner; 〃Voyage à Paris;〃 (end of 1795); p。  65。  〃The class of

those who may have really gained by the Revolution。。。。  is composed of

brokers; army contractors; and their subordinates; a few government

agents and fermiers; enriching themselves by their new acquisitions;

and who are cool and shrewd enough to hide their grain; bury their

gold and steadily refuse assignats。〃 … Ibid。; 68; 70。  〃 On the road;

he asks to whom a fine chateau belongs; and they tell him with a

significant look; 'to a former scruffy wretch。' … 'Oh; monsieur;' said

the landlady at Vesoul; 'for every one that the Revolution has made

rich; you may be sure that it has made a thousand poor。'〃



'48' The following descriptions and appreciations are the fruit of

extensive investigation; scarcely one tenth of the facts and texts

that have been of service being cited。  I must refer the reader;

accordingly; to the series of printed and written documents of which I

have made mention in this and the three preceding volumes。



'49' 〃The Ancient Regime;〃 book II。; ch 2; § IV。



'50' Ibid。; book IV。; chs。  I。; II。; III。



'51' Lacretelle; 〃Histoire de France au 18eme Siecle;〃 V。; 2。  … …〃

The Ancient Regime;〃 pp。  163; 300。



'52' Morellet; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 166。  (Letter by R?derer to Beccaria's

daughter; May 20; 1797)。



'53' Beccaria (Cesare Bonesana; marquis de) (Milan 1738 … id。  1794)。

Italian jurist; whose 〃Traité des délits et des peines (1764)

contributed to the reforms and the softening of of European penal law。

(SR)



'54' Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 493。  〃While the Duke of Orleans

was undergoing his examination he read a newspaper。〃 … Ibid。; 497。

〃Nobody died with more firmness; spirit and dignity than the Duke of

Orleans。  He again became a royal prince。  On being asked in the

revolutionary tribunal whether he had any defense to make; he replied;

'Rather die to…day than to…morrow: deliberate about it。'〃 His request

was granted。  … The Duc de Biron refused to escape; considering that;

in such a dilemma; it was not worth while。  〃He passed his time in

bed; drinking Bordeaux wine。  。  。  。  Before the tribunal; they asked

his name and he replied; 'Cabbage; turnip; Biron; as you like; one is

as good as the other。' 'How!' exclaimed the judges; 'you are

insolent!' 'And you … you are windbags! I Come to the point;

Guillotine; that is all you have to say; while I have nothing to

say。'〃 Meanwhile they proceeded to interrogate him on his pretended

treachery in Vendée; etc。  〃'You do not know what you are talking

about! You ignoramuses know nothing about war! Stop your questions。  I

reported at the time to the Committee of Public Safety; which approved

of my conduct。  Now; it has changed and ordered you to take my life。

Obey; and lose no more time。' Biron asked pardon of God and the King。

Never did he appear better than on the (executioner's) cart。〃



'55' Morellet; II。; 31。…〃Mémoires de la Duchesse de Tourzel;〃 〃de

Mlle。  des écherolles;〃 etc。…Beugnot; 〃Mémoires; I。; 200…203。  〃The

wittiest remarks; the most delicate allusions; the most brilliant

repartees were exchanged on each side of the grating。  The

conversation was general; without any subject being dwelt on。  There;

misfortune was treated as if it were a bad child to be laughed at;

and; in fact; they did openly make sport of Marat's divinity;

Robespierre's sacerdoce and the magistracy of Fouquier。  They seemed

to say to all these bloody menials: 'You may slaughter us when you

please; but you cannot hinder us in being aimable'〃…Archives

Nationales; F。7; 31167。  (Report by the watchman; Charmont; Niv?se 29;

year II。) 〃The people attending the executions are very much surprised

at the firmness and courage they show (sic) on mounting the scaffold。

They say that it looks (sic) like going to a wedding。  People cannot

get used to it; some declaring that it is supernatural。〃



'56' Sauzay; I。。  introduction。  … De Tocqueville; 〃L'Ancien Regime et

la Revolution;〃 166。  〃I have patiently read most of the reports and

debates of the provincial états;' and especially those of Languedoc;

where the clergy took much greater part than elsewhere in

administrative details; as well as the procès…verbaux of the

provincial assemblies between 1779 and 1787; and; entering on the

study with the ideas of my time; I was surprised to find bishops and

abbés; among whom were several as eminent for their piety as their

learning; drawing up reports on roads and canals; treating such

matters with perfect knowledge of the facts; discussing with the

greatest ability and intelligence the best means for increasing

agricultural products; for ensuring the well…being of the people and

the property of industrial enterprises; oftentimes much better than

the laymen who were interested with them in the same affairs。〃



'57' 〃The Ancient Regime;〃 p。300。  … 〃 The Revolution;〃 vol。  I。; p。

116。  ??Buchez et Roux; I。; 481。  The list of notables convoked by the

King in 1787 gives an approximate idea of this social staff。  Besides

the leading princes and seigniors we find; among one hundred and

thirty…four members; twelve marshals of France; eight Councillors of

State; five ma?tres de requêtes; fourteen bishops and archbishops;

twenty presidents and seventeen procureurs géneraux 
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