money answers all things-第7部分

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　so；　that　Unhappiness　in　any　Degree　should　unavoidably　arise　to　Man；　who　he　hath　placed　at　the　Head　of　all　his　Works　in　this　World。　Therefore　whatever　Difficulties　Mankind　meet；　must　be　owing　to　their　own　Mismanagement；　in　not　looking　through　the　Nature　of　Providence　with　respect　to　themselves。　　　　　One　Branch　of　that　Providence；　which　Men　should　attend　to　and　consider；　is；　that　Mankind　as　certainly　increase　as　Vegetables；　and　Animals；　and　therefor　that　Increase　must　continually　be　employed　in　cultivating　proportionably　more　Land。　For；　otherwise　being　all　consumers；　there　must　continually　be　greater　Numbers　subsisted　on　the　Produce　of　the　same　Land　which　was　before　cultivated；　and　this　will　increase　the　Demand　for　the　Produce；　and　inhance　the　Price　of　it；　whilst　the　increasing　People　must　employ　themselves　solely；　in　Trades；　Manufactures；　etc。　to　enable　them　to　subsist：　Whence　it　must　needs　come　to　pass；　that　Trades；　Manufactures；　etc。　will　soon　be　so　over…stocked；　that　all　the　Increase　of　the　People　can't　be　subsisted　this　Way；　seeing　the　Necessaries　of　Life；　for　which　they　all　ultimately　work；　will　all　the　while　be　growing　dearer；　and　the　People　less　able　to　purchase　them。　And　as　I　take　this　to　be　very　much　our　present　Case；　as　may　appear　by　an　Estimate　I　have　subjoin'd　of　the　necessary　Expence　for　the　Support　of　a　poor　Family；　and　another　for　a　Family　in　a　middling　Station；　so　this　Proposal　of　cultivating　proportionably　more　land；　appears　to　me　to　be　the　only　natural　Remedy　that　can　be　applied；　the　happy　Effects　of　which；　if　sufficiently　executed；　will　soon　discover　any　imaginary　Appearances　to　the　contrary。　　　　　But　I　think　it　needful　here　to　observe　at　what　Rate　Mankind　increase；　because　their　Happiness　certainly　depends　on　cultivating　still　more　and　more　Land　in　such　Proportion。　And　I　choose　to　take　Sir　William　Pettis's　Account　of　this；　who　proves　Mankind　will　absolutely　double　themselves　in　360　Years；（2*）　notwithstanding　Wars　and　Plagues：　Therefore；　the　Quantity　of　Land；　which　every　Year　should　be　taken　in　and　cultivated；　must　be　at　least　a　360th　Part　of　the　Quantity　at　present　in　Cultivation。　　　　　Now　if　England　be　320　Miles　long；　and　290　Miles　wide；　it　must；　supposing　its　Length　and　Breadth　to　be　every　where　alike；　contain　92800　square　Miles：　But　as　England　is　not　so　regular　a　Figure；　I　suppose　it　will　be　needful　to　deduct　a　Third　of　its　Content　for　its　Irregularity；　Towns　and　Rivers；　and　then　there　will　be　about　62000　square　Miles　contain'd　in　it。　　　　　Now　suppose　that　at　present；　but　about　half；　that　is；　31000　square　Miles　are　cultivated；　a　360th　Part　of　that；　viz。　86　square　Miles　at　least；　should　every　Year　be　further　added；　and　taken　into　Cultivation；　to　hold　Proportion　to　the　natural　Increase　of　Mankind：　And　if　a　greater　Part　of　England　be　already　improv'd　than　I　have　supposed；　or　if　Mankind　increase　much　faster　than　Sir　William　Pettis　above　asserts；　then　the　Addition　every　Year　must　be　greater　too　in　such　Proportion。　　　　　But　as　nothing　like　this　hath　hitherto　been　done；　it's　evident　to　Demonstration；　That　hence　all　Trades；　Occupations；　Manufactures　and　Profession；　are　overstock'd　with　Numbers；　and　embarrassed。　and　hence　Rents　have　been　advanced　by　the　Demand　the　Increase　of　People　hath　occasion'd　for　Land；　and　hence　Living　is　become　much　more　chargeable　than　formerly；　and　the　People　less　able　to　support　themselves；　besides；　the　inhancing　the　Price　of　Necessaries　hath　either　advanced　our　Commodities；　or　made　them　so　much　worse；　that　our　Neighbour　Nations　have　not　taken　so　many　of　them　as　they　would　otherwise　have　done；　and　we　probably　must　have　taken　more　Commodities　of　them　for　this　Reason。　And　thus；　I　doubt　not；　the　Ballance　of　Trade　is　against　us；　that　is；　the　Gold　and　Silver　this　Nation　have　by　this　Means　been　really　diminished；　and　the　prodigious　Exportation　of　Gold　and　Silver　of　late　Years　is　a　strong　Indication　of　it；　whatever　Pretences　may　be　advanced　concerning　it　to　the　contrary。　Beside　that　the　Exchange；　especially　for　Holland；　hath　of　late　Years　been　considerably　below　the　Value　of　our　Coin；　as　the　Exchange　with　every　Nation　will　always　be；　whenever　they　have　the　Ballance　upon　us。（3*）　And　though　this　may　be　some　small　Encouragement　to　the　Exportation　of　our　Commodities；　because　they　come　so　much　cheaper　to　the　Markets

abroad；yet　if　our　Trade　goes　on　so；　we　shall　certainly　have　very　little　Cash　left。　But　if；　to　prevent　this　dreadful　Evil；　we　do　as　fast　as　possible　put　a　very　great　Quantity　of　Land　into　Use；　more　than　at　present　is　cultivated；　our　Poor　will　be　employ'd；　the　empty　Houses　soon　filled；　and　our　Manufactures　become　much　cheaper　and　better；　and　this　will　both　increase　our　Exportations　to　the　Nations　we　now　trade　with；　and　give　Rise　to　other　foreign　Markets　to　vend　our　Goods　at；　and　prevent　the　excessive　Importation　of　foreign　Goods　amongst　ourselves；　and　thus　the　Ballance　of　Trade　will　become　in　our　Favour；　and　increase　the　Cash　of　the　Nation；　or　Money　will　certainly　by　this　Method　become　plentiful　enough　amongst　the　People　in　general。　But　there　is　no　other　Way　in　Nature　to　compass　this　End；　or　recover　the　Trade　of　the　Nation：　For　those　Nations　that　can　work　cheapest；　must　have　the　Money；　as　sure　as　they　always　will　have　the　Trade；　to　which　I　add；　that　the　People　will　always　flow　into　those　Nations　that　get　the　Money　（i。e。　have　the　Ballance　of　Trade　in　their　Favour）　because　Trade；　which　is　the　Means　of　getting　the　Money；　is　that　which　employs　and　subsists　them。　　　　　But　before　I　dismiss　this　Point；　I　can't　help　taking　Notice　of　an　Article　inserted　in　the　Daily　Courant　of　January　3；　1731　from　Berlin；　where；　it　seems；　an　exact　Register　is　kept　of　the　Births；　Deaths；　and　Marriages；　by　which　it　appears；　3331　Persons　were　born；　and　2691　died；　so　that　the　Increase　is　641　Persons　that　Year　in　that　City。　Now　I　have　tried　the　Par　of　human　Life　from　our　Bills　of　Mortality；　which　doth　not　amount　to　25　Years；　one　with　another：　But；　however；　multiply　the　Deaths　by　25；　the　Product　will　be　67275　Persons　in　that　City；　which　divided　by　641；　the　Increase　gives　104；　the　Number　of　Years　in　which　Mankind　will　double。　And　if　we　take　this　for　the　Rule；　there　must　be　near　300　square　Miles　of　land　more　taken　in　and　cultivated；　every　Year　in　England；　or　the　Increase　must　fall　into　the　several　Professions；　Trades；　and　Manufactures；　and　over…do；　and　absolutely　spoil　them　all；　which　is　the　necessary　and　unavoidable　Consequence　of　the　Increase　of　Mankind；　if　Land；　in　proportion　to　the　Increase　be　not　every　Year　added　and　improved；　to　employ　and　support　them。　　　　　Another　Thing；　which　undoubtedly　is　of　the　utmost　Importance　to　the　Trade　of　this　Kingdom；　is　the　making　Timber　so　plentiful；　that　we　may　build　our　Ships　so　much　cheaper；　that　no　Nation　may　be　able　to　sail　for　less　Freights　than　the　English。　If　this　be　sufficiently　done；　together　with　making　Labour　considerably　cheaper；　Ships　may　soon　be　buildt　here　than　now　can　be；　and　this　will　employ　abundance　of　People　of　many　Trades；　besides　the　still　greater　Numbers　who　will　be　imployed　in　navigating　them。　And　as　the　Riches　of　this　Kingdom　do　undoubtedly　very　much　depend　on　maritime　Affairs；　so　the　Strength　of　it　is　chiefly　its　Navy：　Wherefore　if　Timber　be　made　very　plentiful；　and