money answers all things-第38部分

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Limits　of　the　Age　of　Labour　be　placed　between　13　and　63；　and　that　2/3　of　the　People　are　between　these　Ages；　from　these　we　must　deduct　at　least　1/6；　under　the　following　Classes；　Female；　sequestered　from　Labour　by　the　Condition　of　their　Sex；　the　Idle；　by　Rank　or　Choice；　Men　of　Profession；　such　as　vend　the　Manufacture　of　others；　but　add　no　real　Value　to　them；　the　Sick　and　Impotent。　By　this　Computation；　there　only　remains　one　half　labouring　or　manufacturing。　I　am　persuaded　I　put　the　Number　too　high；　and　that　there　are　not　above　three　Millions　of　working　People。　The　Price　of　Labour　is　raised　in　proportion　to　the　Scarcity　of　Labourers；　they　being　somewhat　like　their　Commodities；　dear　in　Proportion　to　their　Scarcity：　Any　Number　of　labouring　People　sitting　idle　increaseth　the　Price　of　Labour；　double　of　the　Proportion　which　that　Number　bears　in　the　whole。　For　Example：　Suppose　three　Millions　of　labouring　People；　and　30；000　Men　carrying　Arms；　or　levying　Taxes；　30；000　is　one　per　cent　on　3　Millions；　and　these　living　on　the　Labour　of　the　rest　makes　another　one　per　cent　in　all　two；　or　double　of　that　Proportion。　See　Fog's　Journal　of　January　20th；　1732…3。

27。　See　the　last　Paragraph　of　the　Spectator；　no。　200。

28。　The　Sum　coin'd　in　Queen　Elizabeth's　Time；　who　reform'd　most　of　the　old　Specie；　shews　we　then　had　not　much　Money　amongst　us；　whereas　the　Sums　coin'd　in　the　Reigns　of　King　Charles　IId；　and　King　James　IId；　being　6　Millions　and　an　Half　of　Gold；　and　2；200；000　in　Silver；　shew　we　had　a　vast　Balance　in　our　Favour；　near　9　Millions　being　coin'd　during　these　two　Reigns。　And　this　suggests　that　my　Argument　is　just；　that　asserts　the　vast　Increase　of　People　during　these　Reigns；　was　owing　to　such　a　vast　Balance　of　Trade　in　our　Favour。

29。　Mr　Richard　Bradley；　Professor　of　Botany　in　the　University　of　Cambridge；　and　Fellow　of　the　Royal　Society；　in　his　Philosophical　Inquiry　into　the　ate　sever　Winter；　and　Scarcity　and　Dearness　of　Provisions；　printed　1729；　page　5　and　6；　says；　〃It　was　generally　computed　that　we　had　in　England；　in　the　Year　1715；　about　13　Millions　Sterling　Money；　of　which　it　was　reckon'd　there　were　about　11　Millions　circulating：　But　since　the　Year　1720；　and　from　thence　to　1724　or　1725；　there　were　scarce　7　Millions　supposed　to　circulate；　which；　he　says；　must　necessarily　hurt　the　poorer　Sort　of　People；〃　and　I　say；　every　other　sort　in　general　with　them；　though　not　in　the　same　Degree；　perhaps；　because；　we　know；　as　the　Proverb　says；　the　weakest　must　go　to　the　Wall。

30。　Fog's　Journal　of　January　20；　1738　says；　the　Interest　due　to　Foreigners　upon　the　Publick　Funds；　may　be　put　at　400；000　l。　per　Annum：　If　so；　we　must　owe　them　at　least　10　Millions；　for　that　Sum　at　4　per　cent　comes　to　but　400；000　l。　and　if　we　reckon　the　Interest　lower；　the　Principal　must　be　greater　in　such　Proportion。

31。　That　the　Trade　of　this　Metropolis　is　so　much　worse　than　it　formerly　was；　is　ascribed　to　the　Peace；　which　hath　open'd　the　Trade　of　all　the　Ports　of　the　Kingdom；　so　that　they　can　carry　on　Foreign　Trade　in　most　of　them；　which　during　the　War　was　chiefly　carried　on　at　this　Port　only；　the　Trade　of　the　other　Ports　not　being　considerable　enough　to　obtain　Convoys；　without　which　hardly　any　foreign　Trade　could　be　carried　on　in　War　time。　In　answer　to　which；　I　shall　only　observe；　that　all　the　Ports　in　the　Kingdom　whereas　open　and　free　to　carry　on　foreign　Trade；　during　most　part　of　the　Period；　in　which　it　hath　been　shewn　the　People　in　London；　Westminister；　and　Suburbs　doubled；　as　those　Ports　have　been　since　the　Utrecht　Peace。

32。　Let　us　see　how　many　Gentlemen　we　may　be　supposed　to　have　in　the　Kingdom；　by　dividing　the　whole　Rental　of　20　Millions　into　L。　500　per　Annum；　for　each　Gentlemen；　at　a　Medium；　which　I　am　sure　is　cutting　it　into　as　Pieces　as　it　can　be　reasonably　imagin'd　there　are　Gentlemen　that　subsist　solely　on　their　Estates。　Now　20　Millions　divided　by　500　gives　40；000；　the　Number　of　Gentlemen　which；　on　this　Supposition；　live　on　their　Estates　in　this

Kingdom；　But　if　we　consider　how　many　large　Estates　there　are；　and　how　few　Gentlemen　can　subsist　on　L。　500　per　annum；　as　the　Prices　of　Things　now　go；　it's　very　likely　there　are　near　this　Number　of　Gentlemen　that　subsist　solely　on　their　Estates。　And　yet　this　Number；　which；　including　their　Families；　with　Servants　and　all；　I　shall　put　at　8　souls　at　a　Medium；　is　but　1/25　Part　of　8　Millions　of　People；　which　are　supposed　to　be　the　least　we　have　in　the　Kingdom。　the　rest　therefore；　except　such　as　have　Places　under　the　Government；　must　necessarily　be　subsisted　by　Trade　or　Labour；　and　their　Number　must；　by　this　Rule；　be　more　than　19/20　of　all　the　People　in　the　Kingdom；　as　I　have　asserted　above。

33。　Leghorn；　Nov。　7。　The　Emperor　hath　strictly　prohibited　the　Exportation　of　Corn　from　Naples　and　Sicily。　　Whence　we　hope　the　Demand　for　British　Corn　in　Spain　and　Italy；　will　be　so　great；　as　to　save　our　Farmers　from　the　inevitable　Ruin　which　must　otherwise　have　attended　them。　London　and　Whitehall　Evening　Posts　of　Nov。　17；　1733。

34。　If　the　Wants　of　the　People　are　too　much　abridged；　they　must　on　that　Account　want　Employment；　and　lose　Time；　which　will　made　the　rest　of　the　Time　they　work　more　valuable；　seeing　they　must　have　a　whole　Subsistence；　tho'　they　shou'd　be　supposed　to　work　but　half　their　Time：　Whence　the　Things　they　make　will　become　too　dear　to　answer；　and　turn　to　Account；　because　the　Want　of　a　sufficient　Demand　for；　and　Consumption　of　them；　which　are　Consequences　connected　with　these　Circumstances；　will　at　the　same　Time　（that　it　inhances　the　Charge　of　making　Things　cheap；　the　People　must；　if　possible；　lose　no　Time；　because　only　such　full　Employment　can　make　every　Thing　cheap；　and　put　it　in　the　Power　of　the　People　to　purchase；　and　consume　all　the　Things　they　raise；　and　make。　And　hence　only　can　the　Demand　become　great　enough；　to　make　them　answer；　and　turn　to　Account。

35。　Dr　John　Lawrence；　in　his　new　System　of　Agriculture；　Page　5；　says；　I　can't　but　admire　that　the　People　of　England　should　be　so　backward　to　enclose；　which　would　be　worth　more　to　us　than　the　Mines　of　the　Indies　to　the　King　of　Spain。

36。　The　Rent　paid　to　such　Parishes　or　Vestries；　should　be　annually　distributed　to　those　who　had　a　Right　of　Commoning　on　such　Lands　as　may；　from　Time　to　Time；　be　enclosed　and　improv'd；　and　that　in　such　Proportion　as　their　several　Rights　may　intitle　them　to；　unless　the　Parliament　should　think　it　more　useful　and　beneficial　to　apply　such　Rents　to　the　Relief　of　the　Poor；　in　those　and　other　Parishes　that　may　stand　in　need　of　Assistance　and　Relief；　or　direct　its　Application　any　other　fitter　Way；　or　unless　those　who　have　the　Right　of　commoning；　will　enclose　and　improve　it　in　such　Parts；　as　their　several　Rights　may　intitle　them　to。

37。　I　look　with　Compassion　upon　the　Hardships　of　the　poor　Artificers　and　Manufacturers。　See　his　Majesty's　most　Gracious　Speech　of　January　13；　1729。

38。　This　is　the　sole　Rule　concerning　Trade；　to　which　any　Government　should　ever　attend；　and　which；　if　sufficiently　attended　to；　will　always　render　them　as　powerful；　and　their　People　as　happy；　as　the　Nature　of　Things　is　capable　of；　and　is　therefore　infinitely　preferrable　to　any　Encouragements　or　Restraints　in　favour　of　Trade；　which　ultimately　will　always　termin