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money answers all things-第29部分

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 more Silver in Spain than it will do here; as is sufficient to pay the Freight of the Gold out; and of the Silver home; and the Insurance for the Hazard of the Sea out and home; with Postage of Letters; and Commission to the Merchants in Spain; and a Profit sufficient to induce our Merchants to export Gold to bring home Silver for it。     And since the Merchants in Portugal understand getting Money as well as others; can we imagine their Gold would come to us; as we find by its Circulation amongst us it doth; if they could buy Silver with it as such cheaper Rates in Spain; as would enable them to send us Silver at so much higher Rates in respect of Gold; as the Silver would thus cost them less than it is worth with us; in respect of Gold?     Hence therefore I conclude; that nothing but Spain's having such a Balance upon us; can be the Cause of our sending them this Money。 And; I think; nothing but our Paper Effects; which are almost immense; if we consider the publick Securities of every Kind; and Bank Notes; etc。 which have the Operation of Money amongst us; could possibly raise and keep our Markets so high; as to cause us to receive more Goods in Value from Spain than they

take of us。 And yet; I think; this must be our Case; tho' we carry them only Gold。 And thus it may be said; we carry Coals to Newcastle; nor can the Event be different; if we go on so; except that this Matter is of so much more Importance; as Gold is more valuable than Coals。     I must own I have hear it supposed; that the Merchants in Spain; to avoid the Delays that of late Years have attended the Delivery of the Money from on Board the King's Ships; and also to elude paying the Indulto thereon; have found means to convey their Money by our Ships to England; and that this occasions the Exportation of Gold to Spain; but I think this Trade so dangerous; both to the Merchants in Spain; and our Ships too; that I know not how to admit this for a sufficient Reason。     Another Point; from whence I shall argue that our Trade is in a much worse State than it formerly was; shall be the following Estimate of the necessary Charge of a Family; in the middling Station of Life; consisting of a Man and his Wife; four Children and a Maid…Servant; so as I think a Person that hath such a Family; and employs L。 1000 of his own Money in Trade; ought to live。 For if such Families must not have Necessaries enough; and I believe it will appear I have allow'd no Superfluities; I think we ought to give up Trade; and find some other way to live。 For Trade terminates ultimately in the Consumption of Things; to which End alone Trade is carried on: Therefore if those that employ L。 1000 of their own Money; shall not be able to supply such a middling Family with needful and common Things; What then becomes of the Consumption of Things? or; in other Words; What becomes of Trade? For; to be sure; not one Person in a good many is the real Owner of such a Sum。     If therefore such Families must retrench and abridge themselves of common needful Things; those in Trade below them; in this respect; must much more do so; if they have Families。

An Estimate of the necessary Charge of a Family in the middling Station of Life; consisting of a Man; his Wife; four Children and one Maid Servant; which I take to be a middling Family。

    per Head per Day; Daily Expence; Weekly Expence; Yearly Expence。

Bread for seven persons: 3/4 d。; 5 1/4 d; 3 s。 0 3/4 d。; Butter: 3/4 d。; 5 1/4 d; 3 s。 0 3/4 d。; Cheese: 1/4 d。; 1 3/4 d。; 1 s。 0 1/4 d。; Fish and Flesh Meat: 2 1/2 d。; 1 s。 5 1/2 d。; 10 s。 2 1/2d。; Roots and Herbs; Salt; Vinegar; Mustard; Pickles; Spices and Grocery; except Tea and Sugar: 1/2d。; 3 1/2d。; 2s 0 1/2d。; Tea and Sugar: 1d。; 7d。;4s。 1d。; Soap for the Family Occasions; and Washing all manner of Things both abroad and at home: 1 1/2d。; 10 1/2d。; 6s。 1 1/2d。;  Threads; Needles; Pins; Tapes; Worsteds; Bindings; and all sorts of Haberdashery: 1/2 d。; 3 1/2d。; 2s。 0 1/2d。 Milk one Day with another:  ; 3/4 d。; 5 1/4d。;  Candles about 2 1。2 lb。 per Week the Year round:  ;  ; 1s。 3d。;  Sand; Fullers Earth; Whiting; Small Coal; Brick…dust:  ;  ; 2d。;  10 Shilling Small Beer; a Firkin and a Quarter per Week:  ;  ; 3s。 1 1。2d。;  Ale for the family and friends:  ;  ; 2s。 6 d。;  Coals; between 4 and 5 Chaldron per Annum may be Estimated at:  ;  ; 2s。 6d。;  Repairs of Houshold Goods; as Table Linnen; Bedding; Sheets; and every Utensil for Houshold Occasions:  ;  ; 1s。 6d。; 

6 s。 2 d。 per Head Weekly for seven Persons amounts to near:  ;  ; L。2 3s。 1 1/2d。; L。 112 10s。

        Yearly Expence Brought over 112 l。 10 s。 Cloaths of all Kinds for the Master of the Family: 16 l。 Shaving 7s。 6d。 per Quarter; and cleaning Shoes 2s。 6d。 per Quarter: 2 l。 Cloaths for the Wife; who can't wear much; nor very fine Laces with: 16 l。 Extraordinary Expence attending every Lying in L。 10; supposed to be about once in two years: 5 l。 Cloaths for four Children; at L。 7 per Ann。 each Child: 28 L。 Schooling for four Children; including every Charge thereunto relating; supposed to be equal at least to ten Shillings per Quarter for each Child: 8 l。 The Maid's Wages may be: 4 l。 10 s。 Pocket Expences for the Master of the Family; supposed to be about four Shillings per Week: 10 l。 8s。 For the Mistress of the Family; and for the four Children to buy Fruit and Toys; etc。 at two Shillings per Week: 5 l。 4 s。 Entertainments in return of such Favours from Friends and Relations: 4 l。 Physick for the whole Family one Year with another; and the extraordinary Expence arising by illness; may be much more than: 6 l。 A Country Lodging sometimes for the Health and Recreation of the Family; or instead thereof; the extraordinary Charge of nursing a Child abroad; which in such a Family is often thought needful: 8 l。     'Sub…total' 225 l。 12 s。 Rent and Taxes may be somewhat more or less than: 50 l。 Expences of Trade with Customers; and travelling Charges; Christmas…Box…Money; and Postage of Letters; etc。 for the sake of even Money; at least: 19 l。 8 s。 Bad Debts which may easily be more than 2 per cent on the supposed Capital of L。 1000: 20 l。     'Sub…Total' L。 315。 There must be laid up; one Year with another; for twenty Years; in order to leave each Child; and a Widow if there should be one; L。 500: 75 l。 L。 1000 therefore by this Estimate should gain one Year with another: 390 l。

    Which for the sake of a round Sum I will call 40 per cent per Annum; in order to support such a Family; and provided L。 500 a Piece for four Children; and a Widow; if there should be one left; which if not; will augment each Child's Share but L。 125。 And here I suppose a Man to live twenty Years from his Marriage to his Demise; which take to be about the term one Man or Woman with another doth live。 I don't mean by this that no Man or Woman lives longer from the Time of Marriage than twenty Years; I know many live much longer; but I am equally certain that as many never reach this Term as others live beyond it。 And it will also many Times happen; that 5; 6; 7; 8 or more Children must be brought up by some Parents; tho' perhaps it will more frequently happen that less than four will be raised by others。     But those that shall happen to have 
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