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glaucus-or the wonders of the shore(格劳高斯)-第19部分

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instead of having like them a            walking disc; it has a free open lower end; 

with which (I know not            how) it buries itself upright in the sand; with its 

mouth      just   above     the   surface。     The    figure    on   the   left  of  the   plate 

represents      a   curious   cluster   of   papillae   which   project   from  one   side   of 

the    mouth; and are the opening of the oviduct。                 But his value consists; 

not   merely   in   his   beauty   (though   that;   really;   is   not   small);   but in   his 

belonging to what the long word…makers call an                   〃interosculant〃 group; … 

a   party   of   genera   and   species   which     connect   families   scientifically   far 

apart;    filling   up  a   fresh   link   in   the   great   chain;   or   rather   the   great 

network; of zoological           classification。     For here we have a simple; and; 

as it were; crude        form; of which; if we dared to indulge in reveries; we 

might   say     that   the   Creative   Mind   realized   it   before   either   Actiniae   or 

Holothurians; and then went on to perfect the idea contained in it                      in two 

different directions;   dividing   it   into   two   different      families;   and   making 

on its model; by adding new organs; and taking                     away old ones; in one 

direction   the   whole   family   of   Actiniae   (sea…   anemones);   and   in   a   quite 

opposite   one   the   Holothuriae;   those        strange   sea…cucumbers;   with   their 

mouth…fringe of feathery gills;           of which you shall see some anon。              Thus 

there   has   been;   in   the  Creative   Mind;   as   it   gave   life  to   new   species;   a 

development of the          idea on which older species were created; in order … 

we   may   fancy   …     that   every   mesh   of   the   great   net   might   gradually   be 

supplied; and        there should be no gaps in the perfect variety of Nature's 

forms。       This development is one which we must believe to be at least 

possible; if we allow that a Mind presides over the universe; and                        not a 

mere brute necessity; a Law (absurd misnomer) without a                      Lawgiver; and 

to   it  (strangely    enough     coinciding      here   and   there    with     the  Platonic 

doctrine of Eternal Ideas existing in the Divine                Mind) all fresh inductive 

discovery seems to point more and more。 

     Let me speak freely a few words on this important matter。                       Geology 

has disproved the old popular belief that the universe was brought                         into 

being as it now exists by a single fiat。            We know that the         work has been 

gradual; that the earth 



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                               Glaucus/or The Wonders of the Shore 



       〃In   tracts   of   fluent   heat   began;  The   seeming   prey   of   cyclic   storms; 

The home of seeming random forms; Till; at the last; arose the man。〃 

       And we know; also; that these forms; 〃seeming random〃 as they are; 

have   appeared   according   to   a   law   which;   as   far   as   we   can   judge;   has 

been on the whole one of progress; … lower animals (though we                        cannot 

yet say; the lowest) appearing first; and man; the highest                 mammal; 〃the 

roof and crown of things;〃 one of the latest in the                series。    We have no 

more right; let it be observed; to say that           man; the highest; appeared last; 

than that the lowest appeared            first。  It was probably so; in both cases; 

but   there   is   as   yet   no positive   proof   of   either;   and   as   we   know   that 

species     of  animals     lower    than   those    which    already   existed    appeared 

again and again        during the various eras; so it is quite possible that they 

may  be      appearing   now;   and   may  appear   hereafter:        and   that   for   every 

extinct   Dodo   or   Moa;   a   new   species   may   be   created;   to   keep   up   the 

equilibrium of the whole。           This is but a surmise:        but it may be       wise; 

perhaps; just now; to confess boldly; even to insist on; its              possibility; lest 

any should fancy; from our unwillingness to allow                 it; that there would be 

ought in it; if proved; contrary to sound           religion。 

     I   am;   I   must   honestly   confess;   more   and   more   unable   to   perceive 

anything   which   an   orthodox   Christian   may   not   hold;   in   those      physical 

theories of 〃evolution;〃 which are gaining more and more                     the assent of 

our best zoologists and botanists。          All that they ask       us to believe is; that 

〃species〃 and 〃families;〃 and indeed the               whole of organic nature; have 

gone through; and may still be going               through; some such development 

from a lowest germ; as we know that                every living individual; from the 

lowest zoophyte to man himself;             does actually go through。          They apply 

to the whole of the living         world; past; present; and future; the law which 

is undeniably at       work on each individual of it。          They may be wrong; or 

they may be        right:    but what is there in such a conception contrary to 

any     doctrine   …   at   least   of   the   Church   of   England?   To   say   that   this 

cannot be true; that species cannot vary; because God; at the                   beginning; 

created each thing 〃according to its kind;〃 is really to               beg the question; 

which is … Does the idea of 〃kind〃 include               variability or not? and if so; 

how     much    variability?     Now;     〃kind;〃    or   〃species;〃    as  we    call  it;  is 



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                                Glaucus/or The Wonders of the Shore 



defined   nowhere   in   the   Bible。       What      right   have   we   to   read   our   own 

definition   into   the   word?   …   and   that   against   the   certain   fact;   that   some 

〃kinds〃      do   vary;   and   that   widely;     …  mankind;      for   instance;    and   the 

animals      and   plants    which      he    domesticates。       Surely     that   latter  fact 

should be significant; to         those who believe; as I do; that man was created 

in the likeness of        God。     For if man has the power; not only of making 

plants   and     animals   vary;   but   of   developing   them   into   forms   of   higher 

beauty      and   usefulness   than   their   wild   ancestors   possessed;   why  should 

not    the God in whose image he is made possess the same power?                         If the 

old   theological   rule   be   true   …   〃There   is   nothing  
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