manifesto of the communist party-第11部分

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reconstruction　of　society。



But　these　Socialist　and　Communist　publications　contain　also　a

critical　element。　　They　attack　every　principle　of　existing

society。　　Hence　they　are　full　of　the　most　valuable　materials　for

the　enlightenment　of　the　working　class。　　The　practical　measures

proposed　in　them　　…such　as　the　abolition　of　the　distinction

between　town　and　country；　of　the　family；　of　the　carrying　on　of

industries　for　the　account　of　private　individuals；　and　of　the

wage　system；　the　proclamation　of　social　harmony；　the　conversion

of　the　functions　of　the　State　into　a　mere　superintendence　of

production；　all　these　proposals；　point　solely　to　the

disappearance

of　class　antagonisms　which　were；　at　that　time；　only　just　cropping

up；

and　which；　in　these　publications；　are　recognised　in　their

earliest；

indistinct　and　undefined　forms　only。　　These　proposals；　therefore；

are　of　a　purely　Utopian　character。



The　significance　of　Critical…Utopian　Socialism　and　Communism

bears　an　inverse　relation　to　historical　development。　　In

proportion　as　the　modern　class　struggle　develops　and　takes

definite　shape；　this　fantastic　standing　apart　from　the　contest；

these　fantastic　attacks　on　it；　lose　all　practical　value　and　all

theoretical　justification。　　Therefore；　although　the　originators

of　these　systems　were；　in　many　respects；　revolutionary；　their

disciples　have；　in　every　case；　formed　mere　reactionary　sects。

They　hold　fast　by　the　original　views　of　their　masters；　in

opposition　to　the　progressive　historical　development　of　the

proletariat。　　They；　therefore；　endeavour；　and　that　consistently；

to　deaden　the　class　struggle　and　to　reconcile　the　class

antagonisms。　　They　still　dream　of　experimental　realisation　of

their　social　Utopias；　of　founding　isolated　〃phalansteres；〃　of

establishing　〃Home　Colonies；〃　　of　setting　up　a　〃Little　Icaria〃　

duodecimo　editions　of　the　New　Jerusalem　　and　to　realise　all

these　castles　in　the　air；　they　are　compelled　to　appeal　to　the

feelings　and　purses　of　the　bourgeois。　　By　degrees　they　sink　into

the　category　of　the　reactionary　conservative　Socialists　depicted

above；　differing　from　these　only　by　more　systematic　pedantry；　and

by　their　fanatical　and　superstitious　belief　in　the　miraculous

effects　of　their　social　science。



They；　therefore；　violently　oppose　all　political　action　on　the

part　of　the　working　class；　such　action；　according　to　them；　can

only　result　from　blind　unbelief　in　the　new　Gospel。



The　Owenites　in　England；　and　the　Fourierists　in　France；

respectively；　oppose　the　Chartists　and　the　Reformistes。







IV。　　POSITION　OF　THE　COMMUNISTS　IN　RELATION　TO　THE

VARIOUS　EXISTING　OPPOSITION　PARTIES



Section　II　has　made　clear　the　relations　of　the　Communists　to　the

existing　working…class　parties；　such　as　the　Chartists　in　England

and　the　Agrarian　Reformers　in　America。



The　Communists　fight　for　the　attainment　of　the　immediate　aims；

for　the　enforcement　of　the　momentary　interests　of　the　working

class；　but　in　the　movement　of　the　present；　they　also　represent

and　take　care　of　the　future　of　that　movement。　　In　France　the

Communists　ally　themselves　with　the　Social…Democrats；　against　the

conservative　and　radical　bourgeoisie；　reserving；　however；　the

right　to　take　up　a　critical　position　in　regard　to　phrases　and

illusions　traditionally　handed　down　from　the　great　Revolution。



In　Switzerland　they　support　the　Radicals；　without　losing　sight

of　the　fact　that　this　party　consists　of　antagonistic　elements；

partly　of　Democratic　Socialists；　in　the　French　sense；　partly　of

radical　bourgeois。



In　Poland　they　support　the　party　that　insists　on　an　agrarian

revolution　as　the　prime　condition　for　national　emancipation；　that

party　which　fomented　the　insurrection　of　Cracow　in　1846。



In　Germany　they　fight　with　the　bourgeoisie　whenever　it　acts　in　a

revolutionary　way；　against　the　absolute　monarchy；　the　feudal

squirearchy；　and　the　petty　bourgeoisie。



But　they　never　cease；　for　a　single　instant；　to　instil　into　the

working　class　the　clearest　possible　recognition　of　the　hostile

antagonism　between　bourgeoisie　and　proletariat；　in　order　that　the

German　workers　may　straightaway　use；　as　so　many　weapons　against

the　bourgeoisie；　the　social　and　political　conditions　that　the

bourgeoisie　must　necessarily　introduce　along　with　its　supremacy；

and　in　order　that；　after　the　fall　of　the　reactionary　classes　in

Germany；　the　fight　against　the　bourgeoisie　itself　may　immediately

begin。



The　Communists　turn　their　attention　chiefly　to　Germany；　because

that　country　is　on　the　eve　of　a　bourgeois　revolution　that　is

bound　to　be　carried　out　under　more　advanced　conditions　of

European　civilisation；　and　with　a　much　more　developed

proletariat；　than　that　of　England　was　in　the　seventeenth；　and　of

France　in　the　eighteenth　century；　and　because　the　bourgeois

revolution　in　Germany　will　be　but　the　prelude　to　an　immediately

following　proletarian　revolution。



In　short；　the　Communists　everywhere　support　every　revolutionary

movement　against　the　existing　social　and　political　order　of

things。



In　all　these　movements　they　bring　to　the　front；　as　the　leading

question　in　each；　the　property　question；　no　matter　what　its

degree　of　development　at　the　time。



Finally；　they　labour　everywhere　for　the　union　and　agreement　of

the　democratic　parties　of　all　countries。



The　Communists　disdain　to　conceal　their　views　and　aims。

They　openly　declare　that　their　ends　can　be　attained　only　by

the　forcible　overthrow　of　all　existing　social　conditions。

Let　the　ruling　classes　tremble　at　a　Communistic　revolution。

The　proletarians　have　nothing　to　lose　but　their　chains。

They　have　a　world　to　win。





　　　　　　　　　　　WORKING　MEN　OF　ALL　COUNTRIES；　UNITE！













End