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the religion of babylonia and assyria-第15部分

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 was known as 〃Lord of the mountains;〃 and his worship became very popular during the period of the dynasty to which Hammurabi belongedsay from 2200 to 1937 B。C。; when Amurru was much combined with the names of men; and is found both on tablets and cylinder…seals。 The ideographic manner of writing it is /Mar…tu/; a word that is used for /Amurru/; the land of the Amorites; which stood for the West in general。 Amorites had entered Babylonia in considerable numbers during this period; so that there is but little doubt that his popularity was largely due to their influence; and the tablet containing these names was probably drawn up; or at least had the Semitic equivalents added; towards the beginning of that period。


                           Sin or Nannara。

The cult of the moon…god was one of the most popular in Babylonia; the chief seat of his worship being at Uru (now Muqayyar) the Biblical Ur of the Chaldees。 The origin of the name Sin is unknown; but it is thought that it may be a corruption of Zu…ena; 〃knowledge…lord;〃 as the compound ideograph expressing his name may be read and translated。 Besides this compound ideograph; the name of the god Sin was also expressed by the character for 〃30;〃 provided with the prefix of divinity; an ideograph which is due to the thirty days of the month; and is thought to be of late date。 With regard to Nannar; Jastrow explains it as being for Narnar; and renders it 〃light…producer。〃 In a long hymn to this god he is described in many lines as 〃the lord; prince of the gods; who in heaven alone is supreme;〃 and as 〃father Nannar。〃 Among his other descriptive titles are 〃great Anu〃 (Sum。 /ana gale/; Semitic Bab。 /Anu rab?/)another instance of the identification of two deities。 He was also 〃lord of Ur;〃 〃lord of the temple Gi?nu…gala;〃 〃lord of the shining crown;〃 etc。 He is also said to be 〃the mighty steer whose horns are strong; whose limbs are perfect; who is bearded with a beard of lapis…stone;'*' who is filled with beauty and fullness (of splendour)。〃

'*' Probably of the colour of lapis only; not made of the stone     itself。

Besides Babylonia and Assyria; he was also worshipped in other parts of the Semitic east; especially at Harran; to which city Abraham migrated; scholars say; in consequence of the patron…deity being the same as at Ur of the Chaldees; where he had passed the earlier years of his life。 The Mountain of Sinai and the Desert of Sin; both bear his name。

According to king Dungi (about 2700 B。C。); the spouse of Sin or Nannara was Nin…Uruwa; 〃the lady of Ur。〃 Sargon of Assyria (722…705 B。C。) calls her Nin…gala。


                           Addu or Rammanu。

The numerous names which Hadad bears in the inscriptions; both non… Semitic and Semitic; testify to the popularity which this god enjoyed at all times in Babylonia。 Among his non…Semitic names may be mentioned Mer; Mermer; Muru; all; it may be imagined; imitative。 Addu is explained as being his name in the Amorite language; and a variant form; apparently; which has lost its first syllable; namely; Dadu; also appearsthe Assyrians seem always to have used the terminationless form of Addu; namely; Adad。 In all probability Addu; Adad; and Dadu are derived from the West Semitic Hadad; but the other name; Rammanu; is native Babylonian; and cognate with Rimmon; which is thus shown by the Babylonian form to mean 〃the thunderer;〃 or something similar。 He was the god of winds; storms; and rain; feared on account of the former; and worshipped; and his favour sought; on account of the last。 In his name Birqu; he appears as the god of lightning; and Jastrow is of opinion; that he is sometimes associated on that account with ?ama?; both of them being (although in different degrees) gods of light; and this is confirmed by the fact that; in common with the sun…god; he was called 〃god of justice。〃 In the Assyrian inscriptions he appears as a god of war; and the kings constantly compare the destruction which their armies had wrought with that of 〃Adad the inundator。〃 For them he was 〃the mighty one; inundating the regions of the enemy; lands and houses;〃 and was prayed to strike the land of the person who showed hostility to the Assyrian king; with evil…working lightning; to throw want; famine; drought; and corpses therein; to order that he should not live one day longer; and to destroy his name and his seed in the land。

The original seat of his worship was Muru in South Babylonia; to which the patesi of Girsu in the time of Ibi…Sin sent grain as an offering。 Its site is unknown。 Other places (or are they other names of the same?) where he was worshipped were Ennigi and Kakru。 The consort of Addu was ?ala; whose worship was likewise very popular; and to whom there were temples; not only in Babylonia and Assyria; but also in Elam; seemingly always in connection with Addu。


                                A??ur。

In all the deities treated of above; we see the chief gods of the Babylonian and Assyrian pantheon; which were worshipped by both peoples extensively; none of them being specifically Assyrian; though worshipped by the Assyrians。 There was one deity; however; whose name will not be found in the Babylonian lists of gods; namely; A??ur; the national god of Assyria; who was worshipped in the city of A??ur; the old capital of the country。

From this circumstance; it may be regarded as certain; that A??ur was the local god of the city whose name he bore; and that he attained to the position of chief god of the Assyrian pantheon in the same way as Merodach became king of the gods in Babylonianamely; because A??ur was the capital of the country。 His acceptance as chief divinity; however; was much more general than that of Merodach; as temples to him were to be found all over the Assyrian kingdoma circumstance which was probably due to Assyria being more closely united in itself than Babylonia; causing his name to arouse patriotic feelings wherever it might be referred to。 This was probably partly due to the fact; that the king in Assyria was more the representative of the god than in Babylonia; and that the god followed him on warlike expeditions; and when engaged in religious ceremoniesindeed; it is not by any means improbable that he was thought to follow him wherever he went。 On the sculptures he is seen accompanying him in the form of a circle provided with wings; in which is shown sometimes a full…length figure of the god in human form; sometimes the upper part only; facing towards and drawing his bow against the foe。 In consequence of its general appearance; the image of the god has been likened to the sun in eclipse; the far…stretching wings being thought to resemble the long streamers visible at the moment of totality; and it must be admitted as probable that this may have given the idea of the symbol shown on the sculptures。 As a sun…god; and at the same time not the god ?ama?; he resembled the Babylonian Merodach; and was possibly identified with him; especially as; in at least one text; Bêltu (Bêltis) is described as his consort; which would possibly identify A??ur's spouse with Zer…pan?tum。 The original form of his name would seem to have been Au?ar; 〃water…field;〃 probably from the tract where the 
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