the religion of babylonia and assyria-第12部分

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ching（？）；　commerce（？）；　granaries（？）；　fasting（？）；　and　food；　it　was　he　who　overthrew　the　land　of　the　enemy；　and　who　protected　planting；　and；　lastly；　he　was　god　of　Borsippa。

The　worship　of　Nebo　was　not　always　as　popular　as　it　became　in　the　later　days　of　the　Babylonian　empire　and　after　its　fall；　and　Jastrow　is　of　opinion　that　Hammurabi　intentionally　ignored　this　deity；　giving　the　preference　to　Merodach；　though　he　did　not　suppress　the　worship。　Why　this　should　have　taken　place　is　not　by　any　means　certain；　for　Nebo　was　a　deity　adored　far　and　wide；　as　may　be　gathered　from　the　fact　that　there　was　a　mountain　bearing　his　name　in　Moab；　upon　which　Mosesalso　an　〃announcer；〃　adds　Jastrowdied。　Besides　the　mountain；　there　was　a　city　in　Moab　so　named；　and　another　in　Jud？a。　That　it　was　the　Babylonian　Nebo　originally　is　implied　by　the　formthe　Hebrew　corresponding　word　is　/nabi/。

How　old　the　worship　of　Ta？mêtum；　his　consort；　is；　is　doubtful；　but　her　name　first　occurs　in　a　date　of　the　reign　of　Hammurabi。　Details　concerning　her　attributes　are　rare；　and　Jastrow　regards　this　goddess　as　the　result　of　Babylonian　religious　speculations。　It　is　noteworthy　that　her　worship　appears　more　especially　in　later　times；　but　it　may　be　doubted　whether　it　is　a　product　of　those　late　times；　especially　when　we　bear　in　mind　the　remarkable　seal…impression　on　an　early　tablet　of　3500…4500　B。C。；　belonging　to　Lord　Amherst　of　Hackney；　in　which　we　see　a　male　figure　with　wide…open　mouth　seizing　a　stag　by　his　horns；　and　a　female　figure　with　no　mouth　at　all；　but　with　very　prominent　ears；　holding　a　bull　in　a　similar　manner。　Here　we　have　the　〃teacher〃　and　the　〃hearer〃　personified　in　a　very　remarkable　manner；　and　it　may　well　be　that　this　primitive　picture　shows　the　idea　then　prevailing　with　regard　to　these　two　deities。　It　is　to　be　noted　that　the　name　of　Ta？mêtum　has　a　Sumerian　equivalent；　namely；　/Kurnun/；　and　that　the　ideograph　by　which　it　is　represented　is　one　whose　general　meaning　seems　to　be　〃to　bind；〃　perhaps　with　the　additional　signification　of　〃to　accomplish；〃　in　which　case　〃she　who　hears〃　would　also　be　〃she　who　obeys。〃


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　？ama？　and　his　consort。

At　all　times　the　worship　of　the　sun　in　Babylonia　and　Assyria　was　exceedingly　popular；　as；　indeed；　was　to　be　expected　from　his　importance　as　the　greatest　of　the　heavenly　bodies　and　the　brightest；　without　whose　help　men　could　not　live；　and　it　is　an　exceedingly　noteworthy　fact　that　this　deity　did　not　become；　like　Ra　in　Egypt；　the　head　of　the　pantheon。　This　place　was　reserved　for　Merodach；　also　a　sun…god；　but　possessing　attributes　of　a　far　wider　scope。　？ama？　is　mentioned　as　early　as　the　reign　of　ê…anna…tum；　whose　date　is　set　at　about　4200　B。C。；　and　at　this　period　his　Semitic　name　does　not；　naturally；　occur；　the　character　used　being　/Utu/；　or；　in　its　longer　form；　/Utuki/。

It　is　worthy　of　note　that；　in　consequence　of　the　Babylonian　idea　of　evolution　in　the　creation　of　the　world；　less　perfect　beings　brought　forth　those　which　were　more　perfect；　and　the　sun　was　therefore　the　offspring　of　Nannara　or　Sin；　the　moon。　In　accordance　with　the　same　idea；　the　day；　with　the　Semites；　began　with　the　evening；　the　time　when　the　moon　became　visible；　and　thus　becomes　the　offspring　of　the　night。　In　the　inscriptions　？ama？　is　described　as　〃the　light　of　things　above　and　things　below；　the　illuminator　of　the　regions；〃　〃the　supreme　judge　of　heaven　and　earth；〃　〃the　lord　of　living　creatures；　the　gracious　one　of　the　lands。〃　Dawning　in　the　foundation　of　the　sky；　he　opened　the　locks　and　threw　wide　the　gates　of　the　high　heavens；　and　raised　his　head；　covering　heaven　and　earth　with　his　splendour。　He　was　the　constantly　righteous　in　heaven；　the　truth　within　the　ears　of　the　lands；　the　god　knowing　justice　and　injustice；　righteousness　he　supported　upon　his　shoulders；　unrighteousness　he　burst　asunder　like　a　leather　bond；　etc。　It　will　thus　be　seen；　that　the　sun…god　was　the　great　god　of　judgment　and　justiceindeed；　he　is　constantly　alluded　to　as　〃the　judge；〃　the　reason　in　all　probability　being；　that　as　the　sun　shines　upon　the　earth　all　day　long；　and　his　light　penetrates　everywhere；　he　was　regarded　as　the　god　who　knew　and　investigated　everything；　and　was　therefore　best　in　a　position　to　judge　aright；　and　deliver　a　just　decision。　It　is　for　this　reason　that　his　image　appears　at　the　head　of　the　stele　inscribed　with　Hammurabi's　laws；　and　legal　ceremonies　were　performed　within　the　precincts　of　his　temples。　The　chief　seats　of　his　worship　were　the　great　temples　called　ê…babbara；　〃the　house　of　great　light；〃　in　the　cities　of　Larsa　and　Sippar。

The　consort　of　？ama？　was　Aa；　whose　chief　seat　was　at　Sippar；　side　by　side　with　？ama？。　Though　only　a　weak　reflex　of　the　sun…god；　her　worship　was　exceedingly　ancient；　being　mentioned　in　an　inscription　of　Man…i？tusu；　who　is　regarded　as　having　reigned　before　Sargon　of　Agadé。　From　the　fact　that；　in　one　of　the　lists；　she　has　names　formed　by　reduplicating　the　name　of　the　sun…god；　/Utu/；　she　would　seem　once　to　have　been　identical　with　him；　in　which　case　it　may　be　supposed　that　she　personified　the　setting　sun〃the　double　sun〃　from　the　magnified　disc　which　he　presents　at　sunset；　when；　according　to　a　hymn　to　the　setting　sun　sung　at　the　temple　at　Borsippa；　Aa；　in　the　Sumerian　line　Kur…nirda；　was　accustomed　to　go　to　receive　him。　According　to　the　list　referred　to　above；　Aa；　with　the　name　of　Burida　in　Sumerian；　was　more　especially　the　consort　of　？a…zu；　〃him　who　knows　the　heart；〃　one　of　the　names　of　Merodach；　who　was　probably　the　morning　sun；　and　therefore　the　exact　counterpart　of　the　sun　at　evening。

Besides　？ama？　and　Utu；　the　latter　his　ordinary　Sumerian　name；　the　sun…　god　had　several　other　non…Semitic　names；　including　/Gi？nu/；＇*＇　〃the　light；〃　/Ma…banda…anna/；　〃the　bark　of　heaven；〃　/U…ê/；　〃the　rising　sun；〃　/Mitra/；　apparently　the　Persian　Mithra；　/Ume…？ima？/　and　Nahunda；　Elamite　names；　and　Sahi；　the　Kassite　name　of　the　sun。　He　also　sometimes　bears　the　names　of　his　attendants　Kittu　and　Mê？aru；　〃Truth〃　and　〃Righteousness；〃　who　guided　him　upon　his　path　as　judge　of　the　earth。

＇*＇　It　is　the　group　expressing　this　word　which　is　used　for　？ama？　in　　　　　the　name　of　？ama？…？um…uk？n　（Saosduchinos）；　the　brother　of　A？？ur…　　　　　bani…apli　（Assurbanipal）。　The　Greek　equivalent　implies　the　　　　　pronunciation　/？awa？/；　as　well　as　/？ama？/。


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Tammuz　and　I？tar。

The　date　of　the　rise　of　the　myth　of　Tammuz　is　uncertain；　but　as　the　name　of　this　god　is　found　on　tablets　of　the　time　of　Lugal…anda　and　Uru…ka…gina　（about　3500　B。C。）；　it　can　hardly　be　of　later　date　than　4000　B。C。；　and　may　be　much　earlier。　As　he　is　repeatedly　called　〃the　shepherd；〃　and　had　a　domain　where　he　pastured　his　flock；　Professor　Sayce　sees　in　Tammuz　〃Daonus　or　Daos；　the　shepherd　of　Pantibibla；〃　who；　according　to　Berosus；　ruled　in　Babylonia　for　10　/sari/；　or　36；000　years；　and　was　the　sixth　king　of　the　mythical　period。　According　to　the　classic　story；　the　mother　of　Tammuz　had　unnatural　intercourse　with　her　own　father；　being　urged　thereto　by　Aphrodite　whom　she　had　offended；　and　who　had　decided　thus　to　avenge　herself。　Being　pursued　by　her　father；　who　wished　to　kill　her　for　this　crime；　she　prayed　to　the　gods；　and　was　turned　into　a　tree；　from　whose　trunk　Adonis　was