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philosophy of nature-第12部分
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correct meaning is that all real; and not merely brittle; figures contain this concept; but the incorrect
meaning is that all bodies also have this principle implicitly in its rigorous abstraction; as magnetism。
It would be an unphilosophical thought to want to show that a form of the concept is at hand in
nature; and that it exists universally in its determinacy as an abstraction。 For nature is rather the
idea in the element of being apart from itself so that; like the understanding; it retains the moments
of the concept as dispersed and depicts them so in reality; but in the higher organic things the
differentiated forms of the concept are unified as the highest concretion。
§ 239。
At the opposite end from magnetism; which as linear spatiality and the ideal contrast of extremes is
the abstract concept of the shape; stands its abstract totality the sphere; the shape of the real
absence of shape; of fluid indeterminacy; and of the indifferent elasticity of the parts。
§ 240。
Between the two actually shapeless extremes contained within magnetism as the abstract concept
of the figure there appears; as an immanent form of juxtaposition distinct from that determined by
gravity; a kind of magnetism transformed into total corporeality; cohesion。
§ 241。
The common understanding of cohesion merely refers to the individual moment of quantitative
strength of the connection between the parts of a body。 Concrete cohesion is the immanent form
and determinacy of this connection; and comprehends both external crystallisations and the
fragmentary shapes or central shapes; crystallisation which displays itself inwardly in transparent
movement。
§ 242。
Through external crystallisation the individual body is sealed off as an individual against others; and
capable of a mechanical process with them。 As an inwardly formed entity the body specifies this
process in terms of its behaviour as a merely general mass。 In terms of its elasticity; hardness;
softness; viscosity; and abilities to extend or to burst; the body retains its individual determinacy in
resistance to external force。
§ 243。
As density; however; is at first only simple determinacy by virtue of the relation of volume to mass;
cohesion is this simplicity as the selfhood of individuality。 The self…preservation of the body during
the vibration from a mechanical force is; therefore; also an emergence of its individual; pure
ideality; its characteristic motion in itself through its whole cohesion。 It is the specific determination
of its ideal externality in itself through its self…identified time。 In this vibration; the product of real
force and external pressure which the body survives in the form of its specified ideality; this simple
form achieves independent existence。
But entities without cohesion — which are inflexible and fluid are without resonance and in their
resistance; which is merely an external vibration; make only a noise。
§ 244。
This individuality; since it is at first here only immediate; can be suspended by mechanical force。
The friction; which brings together that difference of corporeality held apart by cohesion in the
negativity of a temporal moment; causes an initial or concluding selfdestruction of the body to
break forth。 And the body exhibits its specific nature; in the relationship between the inner change
and the suspension of its cohesion; through the capacity for heat。
(b) The Particularisation of Differences
§ 245。
Shaping; the individualisation of the mechanism or of weight; turns into elemental particularisation。
The individual body has the totality of the elements within itself; as the subject of the same the
body contains the elements in the first place as attributes or predicates; but in the second place
these are retained only in immediate individuality; and thus they exist also as materials indifferent to
each other。 Thirdly; they are the relations to the unbound elements and the processes of the
individual body with those elements。
In connection with the ancient; general idea that each body consists of the four elements; or with
the more recent view of Paracelsus that it consists of mercury or liquid; sulphur or oil; and salt; and
with many other ideas of this kind; it is to be remarked first that it is easy to refute these names if
one understands by them only the particular empirical substances that they primarily denote。 It is;
however; not to be overlooked that these names were meant much more essentially to contain and
to express the determinations of the concept。 Thus we should rather wonder at the vehemence
with which thought recognised only its own determination in such sensory things and held fast to its
general significance。 On the other hand; such a conception and determination; since it has reason
as its source…which neither loses its way in the sensory games of phenomena and their confusion;
nor allows itself to be brought to forget itself…is elevated infinitely far above the thoughtless
investigation and chaotic narrative of the bodies' attributes。 Here it is counted as a service and
praiseworthy to have made yet another particular discovery; instead of referring the many
particulars back to generality and the concept; and recognising the latter in them。
§ 246。
The body individualises: (a) the external self of light in its darkness into its specific opacity; colour;
(b) air; as abstract; selfless generality into the simplicity of its specific process; or; as odour; is
rather the specific individuality of the body in its simplicity; itself only as process; (c) water; the
abstract neutrality; is individualised into the determinate neutrality of saltiness; acidity; and;
immediately; into taste。
§ 247。
These particularised bodies are; in their general earthly totality; in the first place only superficially
related to one another and preserve their independence by being isolated from each other。 But as
individuals they also stand in relation to each other and; to be sure; outside of the mechanical
relationship as particular individualities。
§ 248。
At first these bodies relate to each other as independent entities; but they then become manifest as
a mechanical relationship in an ideal movement; in the internal reverberation as sound。 Now;
however; in real selfhood; they emerge as an electrical relationship to each other。
§ 249。
The being for itself of these bodies; as it is manifested in physical contact; is posited in each by the
difference from the other。 Thus this being is not free; but rather an antithetical tension; in which;
however; it is not the nature of the body which emerges: only the reality of its abstract self a light;
is produced and; in fact; as a light set in opposition。 The suspension of the dire
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