shorter logic-第83部分

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because　in　his　Son；　who　is　one　with　him；　he　has　revealed　himself　to　men　as　a　man　among　men；　and
thereby　redeemed　them。　All　of　which　is　only　another　way　of　saying　that　the　antithesis　of　subjective
and　objective　is　implicitly　overcome；　and　that　it　is　our　affair　to　participate　in　this　redemption　by
laying　aside　our　immediate　subjectivity　（putting　off　the　old　Adam）；　and　learning　to　know　God　as
our　true　and　essential　self。　

Just　as　religion　and　religious　worship　consist　in　overcoming　the　antithesis　of　subjectivity　and
objectivity；　so　science　too　and　philosophy　have　no　other　task　than　to　overcome　this　antithesis　by
the　medium　of　thought。　The　aim　of　knowledge　is　to　divest　the　objective　world　that　stands　opposed
to　us　of　its　strangeness；　and；　as　the　phrase　is；　to　find　ourselves　at　home　in　it：　which　means　no　more
than　to　trace　the　objective　world　back　to　the　notion　…　to　our　innermost　self。　We　may　learn　from　the
present　discussion　the　mistake　of　regarding　the　antithesis　of　subjectivity　and　objectivity　as　an
abstract　and　permanent　one。　The　two　are　wholly　dialectical。　The　notion　is　at　first　only　subjective：
but　without　the　assistance　of　any　foreign　material　or　stuff　it　proceeds；　in　obedience　to　its　own
action；　to　objectify　itself。　So；　too；　the　object　is　not　rigid　and　processless。　Its　process　is　to　show
itself　as　what　is　at　the　same　time　subjective；　and　thus　form　the　step　onwards　to　the　idea。　Any　one
who；　from　want　of　familiarity　with　the　categories　of　subjectivity　and　objectivity；　seeks　to　retain
them　in　their　abstraction　will　find　that　the　isolated　categories　slip　through　his　fingers　before　he　is
aware；　and　that　he　says　the　exact　contrary　of　what　he　wanted　to　say。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　194n2

（2）　Objectivity　contains　the　three　forms　of　Mechanism；　Chemism；　and　Teleology。　The　object　of
mechanical　type　is　the　immediate　and　undifferentiated　object。　No　doubt　it　contains　difference；　but
the　different　pieces　stand；　as　it　were；　without　affinity　to　each　other；　and　their　connection　is　only
extraneous。　In　chemism；　on　the　contrary；　the　object　exhibits　an　essential　tendency　to
differentiation；　in　such　a　way　that　the　objects　are　what　they　are　only　by　their　relation　to　each　other：
this　tendency　to　difference　constitutes　their　quality。　The　third　type　of　objectivity；　the　teleological
relation；　is　the　unity　of　mechanism　and　chemism。　Design；　like　the　mechanical　object；　is　a
self…contained　totality；　enriched　however　by　the　principle　of　differentiation　which　came　to　the　fore
in　chemism；　and　thus　referring　itself　to　the　object　that　stands　over　against　it。　Finally；　it　is　the
realisation　of　design　which　forms　the　transition　to　the　Idea。　



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（a）　Mechanism
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　195

The　object　（1）　in　its　immediacy　is　the　notion　only　potentially；　the　notion　as
subjective　is　primarily　outside　it；　and　all　its　specific　character　is　imposed　from
without。　As　a　unity　of　differents；　therefore；　it　is　a　composite；　an　aggregate；　and　its
capacity　of　acting　on　anything　else　continues　to　be　an　external　relation。　This　is
Formal　Mechanism。　Notwithstanding；　and　in　this　connection　and
non…independence；　the　objects　remain　independent　and　offer　resistance；　external
to　each　other。　

Pressure　and　impact　are　examples　of　mechanical　relations。　Our　knowledge　is　said
to　be　mechanical　or　by　rote；　when　the　words　have　no　meaning　for　us；　but
continue　external　to　sense；　conception；　thought；　and　when；　being　similarly
external　to　each　other；　they　form　a　meaningless　sequence。　Conduct；　piety；　etc。；
are　in　the　same　way　mechanical；　when　a　man's　behaviour　is　settled　for　him　by
ceremonial　laws；　by　a　spiritual　adviser；　etc。；　in　short；　when　his　own　mind　and　will
are　not　in　his　actions；　which　in　this　way　are　extraneous　to　himself。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　195n

Mechanism；　the　first　form　of　objectivity；　is　also　the　category　which　primarily　offers　itself　to
reflection；　as　it　examines　the　objective　world。　It　is　also　the　category　beyond　which　reflection
seldom　goes。　It　is；　however；　a　shallow　and　superficial　mode　of　observation；　one　that　cannot　carry
us　through　in　connection　with　Nature　and　still　less　in　connection　with　the　world　of　Mind。　In　Nature
it　is　only　the　veriest　abstract　relations　of　matter　in　its　inert　masses　which　obey　the　law　of
mechanism。　On　the　contrary　the　phenomena　and　operations　of　the　province　to　which　the　term
'physical'　in　its　narrower　sense　is　applied；　such　as　the　phenomena　of　light；　heat；　magnetism；　and
electricity；　cannot　be　explained　by　any　mere　mechanical　processes；　such　as　pressure；　impact；
displacement　of　parts；　and　the　like。　

Still　less　satisfactory　is　it　to　transfer　these　categories　and　apply　them　in　the　field　of　organic　nature；
at　least　if　it　be　our　aim　to　understand　the　specific　features　of　that　field；　such　as　the　growth　and
nourishment　of　plants；　or；　it　may　be；　even　animal　sensation。　It　is　at　any　rate　a　very　deep…seated；
and　perhaps　the　main；　defect　of　modern　researches　into　nature；　that；　even　where　other　and　higher
categories　than　those　of　mere　mechanism　are　in　operation；　they　still　stick　obstinately　to　the
mechanical　laws；　although　they　thus　conflict　with　the　testimony　of　unbiased　perception；　and
foreclose　the　gate　to　an　adequate　knowledge　of　nature。　But　even　in　considering　the　formations　in
the　world　of　Mind；　the　mechanical　theory　has　been　repeatedly　invested　with　an　authority　which　it
has　no　right　to。　Take　as　an　instance　the　remark　that　man　consists　of　soul　and　body。　In　this
language；　the　two　things　stand　each　self…subsistent；　and　associated　only　from　without。　Similarly　Be
find　the　soul　regarded　as　a　mere　group　of　forces　and　faculties；　subsisting　independently　side　by
side。　

Thus　decidedly　must　we　reject　the　mechanical　mode　of　inquiry　when　it　comes　forward　and
arrogates　to　itself　the　place　of　rational　cognition　in　general；　and　seeks　to　get　mechanism　accepted
as　an　absolute　category。　But　we　must　not　on　that　account　forget　expressly　to　vindicate　for
mechanism　the　right　and　import　of　a　general　logical　category。　It　would　be；　therefore；　a　mistake　to
restrict　it　to　the　special　physical　department　from　which　it　derives　its　name。　There　is　no　harm　done；
for　example；　in　directing　attention　to　mechanical　actions；　such　as　that　of　gravity；　the　lever；　etc。；
even　in　departments；　notably　in　physics　and　in　physiology；　beyond　the　range　of　mechanics　proper。
It　must　however　be　remembered　that　within　these　spheres　the　laws　of　mechanism　cease　to　be　final
or　decisive；　and　sink；　as　it　were；　to　a　subservient　position。　To　which　may　be　added　that　in　Nature；
when　the　higher　or　organic　functions　are　in　any　way　checked　or　disturbed　in　their　normal
efficiency；　the　otherwise　subordinate　category　of　mechanism　is　immediately　seen　to　take　the　upper
hand。　Thus　a　sufferer　from　indigestion　feels　pressure　on　the　stomach；　after　partaking　of　certain
food　in　slight　quantity；　whereas　those　whose　digestive　organs　are　sound　remain　free　from　the
sensation；　although　they　have　eaten　as　much。　The　same　phenomenon　occurs　in　the　general　feeling
of　heaviness　in　the　limbs；　experienced　in　bodily　indisposition。　Even　in　the　world　of　Mind；
mechanism　has　its　place；　thou