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shorter logic-第75部分

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cause。 There is already in existence another substance on which the effect takes
place。 As immediate; this substance is not a self…related negativity and active; but
passive。 Yet it is a substance; and it is therefore active also: it therefore suspends
the immediacy it was originally put forward with; and the effect which was put
into it: it reacts; i。e。 suspends the activity of the first substance。 But this first
substance also in the same way sets aside its own immediacy; or the effect which
is put into it; it thus suspends the activity of the other substance and reacts。 In this
manner causality passes into the relation of Action and Reaction; or
Reciprocity。 

In Reciprocity; although causality is not yet invested with its true characteristic;
the rectilinear movement out from causes to effects; and from effects to causes;
is bent round and back into Itself; and thus the progress ad infinitum of causes
and effects is; as a progress; really and truly suspended。 This bend; which
transforms the infinite progression into a self…contained relationship; here as
always the plain reflection that in the above meaningless repetition there is only
one and the same thing; viz。 one cause and another; and their connection with
one another。 Reciprocity … which is the development of this relation … itself
however only distinguishes turn and turn about—not causes; but factors of
causation; in each of which; just because they are inseparable (on the principle of
the identity that the cause is cause in the effect; and vice versa); the other factor
is also equally supposed。 



             (c) Reciprocity; or Action & Reaction
                                  § 155
The characteristics which in Reciprocal Action are retained as distinct are 'a'
potentially the same。 The one side is a cause; is primary; active; passive; etc。; just
as the other is。 Similarly the presupposition of another side and the action upon it;
the immediate primariness and the dependence produced by the alternation; are
one and the same on both sides。 The cause assumed to be first is on account of
its immediacy passive; a dependent being; and an effect。 The distinction of the
causes spoken of as two is accordingly void: and properly speaking there is only
one cause; which; while it suspends itself (as substance) in its effect; also rises in
this operation only to independent existence as a cause。 



                                  § 156
But this unity of the double cause is also 'b' actual。 All this alternation is properly
the cause in act of constituting itself and in such constitution lies its being。 The
nullity of the distinctions is not only potential; or a reflection of ours (§ I55)。
Reciprocal action just means that each characteristic we impose is also to be
suspended and inverted into its opposite; and that in this way the essential nullity
of the 'moments' is explicitly stated。 An effect is introduced into the primariness;
in other words; the primariness is abolished: the action of a cause becomes
reaction and so on。 

                                  § 156n
Reciprocal action realises the causal relation in its complete development。 It is this relation;
therefore; in which reflection usually takes shelter when the conviction grows that things can no
longer be studied satisfactorily from a causal point of view; on account of the infinite progress
already spoken of。 Thus in historical research the question may be raised in a first form; whether
the character and manners of a nation are the cause of its constitution and its laws; or if they are
not rather the effect。 Then; as the second step; the character and manners on one side and the
Constitution and laws on the other are conceived on the principle of reciprocity: and in that case
the cause in the same connection as it is a cause will at the same time be an effect; and vice versa。 
The same thing is done in the study of Nature; and especially of living organisms。 There the sexual
organs and functions are similarly seen to stand to each other in the relation of reciprocity。 

Reciprocity is undoubtedly the proximate truth of the relation of cause and effect; and stands; so to
say; on the threshold of the notion; but on that very ground; supposing that our aim is a thoroughly
comprehensive idea; we should not rest content with applying this relation。 If we get no further
than studying a given content under the point of view of reciprocity; we are taking up an attitude
which leaves matters utterly incomprehensible。 We are left with a mere dry fact; and the call for
mediation; which is the chief motive in applying the relation of causality; is still unanswered。 And if
we look more narrowly into the dissatisfaction felt in applying the relation of reciprocity; we shall
see that it consists in the circumstance that this relation; instead of being treated as an equivalent
for the notion; ought; first of all; to be known and understood in its own nature。 And to understand
the relation of action we must not let the two sides rest in their state of mere given facts; but
recognise them; as has been shown in the two paragraphs preceding; for factors of a third and
higher; which is the notion and nothing else。 

To make; for example; the manners of the Spartans the cause of their constitution and their
constitution conversely the cause of their manners; may no doubt be in a way correct。 But; as we
have comprehended neither the manners nor the constitution of the nation; the result of such
reflections can never be final or satisfactory。 The satisfactory point will be reached only when
these two; as well as all other; special aspects of Spartan life and Spartan history are seen to be
founded in this notion。 



                                 Necessity
                                  § 157
This pure self…reciprocation is therefore Necessity unveiled or realised。 The link
of necessity qua necessity is identity; as still inward and concealed; because it is
the identity of what are esteemed actual things; although their very
self…subsistence is bound to be necessity。 The circulation of substance through
causality and reciprocity therefore only expressly makes out or states that
self…subsistence is the infinite negative self…relation — a relation negative in
general; for in it the act of distinguishing and intermediating becomes a
primariness of actual things independent one against the other — and infinite
self…relation; because their independence only lies in their identity。 

                                 Freedom
                                  § 158
The truth of necessity is; therefore; Freedom: and the truth of substance is the
Notion … an independence which; though self…repulsive into distinct independent
elements; yet in that repulsion is self…identical; and in the movement of reciprocity
still at home and conversant only with itself。 

                      See Engels on Freedom and Necessity。



                          Freedom and Necessity
                                  § 158n
Necessity is often called hard; and rightly so; if we keep to necessity as such; i。e。 to its immediate
shape。 Here w
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