shorter logic-第67部分

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in　the　essence；　and　in　the　essence　there　is　nothing　but　what　is　manifested。　



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§140

In　the　second　place；　Inward　and　Outward；　as　formal　terms；　are　also　reciprocally
opposed；　and　that　thoroughly。　The　one　is　the　abstraction　of　identity　with　self；　the
other　mere　multiplicity　or　reality。　But　as　stages　of　the　one　form；　they　are
essentially　identical　so　that　whatever　is　at　first　explicitly　put　only　in　the　one
abstraction；　is　also　plainly　and　at　one　step　in　the　other。　Therefore　what　is　only
internal　is　also　only　external：　and　what　is　only　external；　is　so　far　only　at　first
internal。　

It　is　the　customary　mistake　of　reflection　to　take　essence　to　be　merely　the　interior。
If　it　be　so　taken；　even　this　way　of　looking　at　it　is　purely　external；　and　that　sort　of
essence　is　the　empty　external　abstraction。　

　　　　　Ins　Innere　der　Natur
　　　　　Dringt　kein　erschaffner　Geist；
　　　　　Zu　glücklich　wenn　er　nur
　　　　　De　？ussere　Schaale　weisst。　

It　ought　rather　to　have　been　said　that；　if　the　essence　of　nature　is　ever　described　as
the　inner　part；　the　person　who　so　describes　it　only　knows　its　outer　shell。　In　Being
as　a　whole；　or　even　in　mere　sense…perception；　the　notion　is　at　first　only　an　inward；
and　for　that　very　reason　is　something　external　to　Being；　a　subjective　thinking　and
being；　devoid　of　truth。　In　Nature　as　well　as　in　Mind；　so　long　as　the　notion；　design；
or　law　are　at　first　the　inner　capacity；　mere　possibilities；　they　are　first　only　an
external；　inorganic　nature；　the　knowledge　of　a　third　person；　alien　force；　and　the
like。　As　a　man　is　outwardly；　that　is　to　say　in　his　actions　（not　of　course　in　his
merely　bodily　outwardness）；　so　he　is　inwardly：　and　if　his　virtue；　morality；　etc。　are
only　inwardly　his　…　that　is　if　they　exist　only　in　his　intentions　and　sentiments；　and
his　outward　acts　are　not　identical　with　them　…　the　one　half　of　him　is　as　hollow　and
empty　as　the　other。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§140n

The　relation　of　Outward　and　Inward　unites　the　two　relations　that　precede；　and　at　the　same　time
sets　in　abeyance　mere　relativity　and　phenomenality　in　general。　Yet　so　long　as　understanding　keeps
the　Inward　and　Outward　fixed　in　their　separation；　they　are　empty　forms；　the　one　as　null　as　the
other。　Not　only　in　the　study　of　nature；　but　also　of　the　spiritual　world；　much　depends　on　a　just
appreciation　of　the　relation　of　inward　and　outward；　and　especially　on　avoiding　the　misconception
that　the　former　only　is　the　essential　point　on　which　everything　turns；　while　the　latter　is　unessential
and　trivial。　We　find　this　mistake　made　when；　as　is　often　done；　the　difference　between　nature　and
mind　is　traced　back　to　the　abstract　difference　between　inner　and　outer。　As　for　nature；　it　certainly　is
in　the　gross　external；　not　merely　to　the　mind；　but　even　on　its　own　part。　But　to　call　it　external　'in　the
gross'　is　not　to　imply　an　abstract　externality…for　there　is　no　such　thing。　It　means　rather　that　the　Idea
which　forms　the　common　content　of　nature　and　mind；　is　found　in　nature　as　outward　only；　and　for
that　very　reason　only　inward。　The　abstract　understanding；　with　its　'either…or'；　may　struggle　against
this　conception　of　nature。　It　is　none　the　less　obviously　found　in　our　other　modes　of　consciousness；
particularly　in　religion。　It　is　the　lesson　of　religion　that　nature；　no　less　than　the　spiritual　world；　is　a
revelation　of　God：　but　with　this　distinction；　that　while　nature　never　gets　so　far　as　to　be　conscious　of
its　divine　essence；　that　consciousness　is　the　express　problem　of　the　mind；　which　in　the　matter　of
that　problem　is　as　yet　finite。　Those　who　look　upon　the　essence　of　nature　as　mere　inwardness；　and
therefore　inaccessible　to　us；　take　up　the　same　line　as　that　ancient　creed　which　regarded　God　as
envious　and　jealous；　a　creed　which　both　Plato　and　Aristotle　pronounced　against　long　ago。　All　that
God　is；　he　imparts　and　reveals；　and　he　does　so　at　first　in　and　through　nature。　

Any　object　indeed　is　faulty　and　imperfect　when　it　is　only　inward；　and　thus　at　the　same　time　only
outward；　or　（which　is　the　same　thing）　when　it　is　only　an　outward　and　thus　only　an　inward。　For
instance；　a　child；　taken　in　the　gross　as　human　being；　is　no　doubt　a　rational　creature；　but　the　reason
of　the　child　as　child　is　at　first　a　mere　inward；　in　the　shape　of　his　natural　ability　or　vocation；　etc。　This
mere　inward；　at　the　same　time；　has　for　the　child　the　form　of　a　mere　outward；　in　the　shape　of　the
will　of　his　parents；　the　attainments　of　his　teachers；　and　the　whole　world　of　reason　that　environs
him。　The　education　and　instruction　of　a　child　aim　at　making　him　actually　and　for　himself　what　he　is
at　first　only　potentially　and　therefore　for　others；　viz。；　for　his　grown　up　friends。　The　reason；　which　at
first　exists　in　the　child　only　as　an　inner　possibility；　is　actualised　through　education：　and　conversely；
the　child　by　these　means　becomes　conscious　that　the　goodness；　religion；　and　science　which　he　had
at　first　looked　upon　as　an　outward　authority；　are　his　own　nature。　As　with　the　child　so　it　is　in　this
matter　with　the　adult；　when；　in　opposition　to　his　true　destiny；　his　intellect　and　will　remain　in　the
bondage　of　the　natural　man。　Thus；　the　criminal　sees　the　punishment　to　which　he　has　to　submit　as　an
act　of　violence　from　without；　whereas　in　fact　the　penalty　is　only　the　manifestation　of　his　own
criminal　will。　

From　what　has　now　been　said；　we　may　learn　what　to　think　of　a　man　who；　when　blamed　for　his
shortcomings；　or；　it　may　be；　his　discreditable　acts；　appeals　to　the　（professedly）　excellent　intentions
and　sentiments　of　the　inner　self　he　distinguishes　therefrom。　There　certainly　may　be　individual　cases
where　the　malice　of　outward　circumstances　frustrates　well…meant　designs；　and　disturbs　the
execution　of　the　best…laid　plans。　But　in　general　even　here　the　essential　unity　between　inward　and
outward　is　maintained。　We　are　thus　justified　in　saying　that　a　man　is　what　he　does；　and。　the　lying
vanity　which　consoles　itself　with　the　feeling　of　inward　excellence　may　be　confronted　with　the
words　of　the　Gospel：　'By　their　fruits　ye　shall　know　them。'　That　grand　saying　applies　primarily　in　a
moral　and　religious　aspect；　but　it　also　holds　good　in　reference　to　performances　in　art　and　science。
The　keen　eye　of　a　teacher　who　perceives　in　his　pupil　decided　evidences　of　talent；　may　lead　him　to
state　his　opinion　that　a　Raphael　of　a　Mozart　lies　hidden　in　the　boy：　and　the　result　will　show　how　far
such　an　opinion　was　well…founded。　But　if　a　daub　of　a　painter；　or　a　poetaster；　soothe　themselves　by
the　conceit　that　their　head　is　full　of　high　ideas；　their　consolation　is　a　poor　one；　and　if　they　insist　on
being　judged　not　by　their　actual　works　but　by　their　projects；　we　may　safely　reject　their　pretensions
as　unfounded　and　unmeaning。　The　converse　case　however　also　occurs。　In　passing　judgment　on
men　who　have　accomplished　something　great　and　good；　we　often　make　use　of　the　false　distinction
between　inward　and　outward。　All　that　they　have　accomplished；　we　say；　is　outward　merely；
inwardly　they　were　acting　from　some　very　different　motive；　such　as　a　desire　to　gratify　their　vanity
or　other　unworthy　passion。　This　is　the　spirit　of　envy。　Incapable　of　any　great　actio