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shorter logic-第45部分

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explication of the notion in the sphere of being does two things: it brings out the
totality of being; and it abolishes the immediacy of being; or the form of being as
such。 



                                   § 85

Being itself and the special sub…categories of it which follow; as well as those of
logic in general; may be looked upon as definitions of the Absolute; or
metaphysical definitions of God: at least the first and third categories in every
triad may … the first; where the thought…form of the triad is formulated in its
simplicity; and the third; being the return from differentiation to a simple
self…reference。 For a metaphysical definition of God is the expression of his nature
in thoughts as such: and logic embraces all thoughts so long as they continue in
the thought…form。 The second sub…category in each triad; where the grade of
thought is in its differentiation; gives; on the other hand; a definition of the finite。 

The objection to the form of definition is that it implies a something in the mind's
eye on which these predicates may fasten。 Thus even the Absolute (though it
purports to express God in the style and character of thought) in comparison with
its predicate (which really and distinctly expresses in thought what the subject
does not) is as yet only an inchoate pretended thought … the indeterminate subject
of predicates yet to come。 The thought; which is here the matter of sole
importance; is contained only in the predicate: and hence the propositional form;
like the said subject; viz。; the Absolute; is a mere superfluity。 

                      Quantity; Quality and Measure
                                  § 85n

Each of the three spheres of the logical idea proves to be a systematic whole of thought…terms;
and a phase of the Absolute。 This is the case with Being; containing the three grades of quality;
quantity and measure。 

Quality is; in the first place; the character identical with being: so identical that a thing ceases to be
what it is; if it loses its quality。 Quantity; on the contrary; is the character external to being; and
does not affect the being at all。 Thus; e。g。 a house remains what it is; whether it be greater or
smaller; and red remains red; whether it be brighter or darker。 

Measure; the third grade of being; which is the unity of the first two; is a qualitative quantity。 All
things have their measure: i。e。 the quantitative terms of their existence; their being so or so great;
does not matter within certain limits; but when these limits are exceeded by an additional more or
less; the things cease to be what they were。 From measure follows the advance to the second
subdivision of the idea; Essence。 

The three forms of being here mentioned; just because they are the first; are also the poorest; i。e。
the most abstract。 Immediate (sensible) consciousness; in so far as it simultaneously includes an
intellectual element; is especially restricted to the abstract categories of quality and quantity。 

The sensuous consciousness is in ordinary estimation the most concrete and thus also the richest;
but that is true only as regards materials; whereas; in reference to the thought it contains; it is really
the poorest and most abstract。 



                               A。 QUALITY
                                 (a) Being
                                   § 86

Pure Being makes the beginning: because it is on the one hand pure thought; and
on the other immediacy itself; simple and indeterminate; and the first beginning
cannot be mediated by anything; or be further determined。 

All doubts and admonitions; which might be brought against beginning the science
with abstract empty being; will disappear if we only perceive what a beginning
naturally implies。 It is possible to define being as 'I = I'; as 'Absolute Indifference'
or Identity; and so on。 Where it is felt necessary to begin either with what is
absolutely certain; i。e。 certainty of oneself; or with a definition or intuition of the
absolute truth; these and other forms of the kind may be looked on as if they
must be the first。 But each of these forms contains a mediation; and hence cannot
be the real first: for all mediation implies advance made from a first on to a
second; and proceeding from something different。 If I = I; or even the intellectual
intuition; are really taken to mean no more than the first; they are in this mere
immediacy identical with being: while conversely; pure being; if abstract no
longer; but including in it mediation; is pure thought or intuition。 

If we enunciate Being as a predicate of the Absolute; we get the first definition of
the latter。 The Absolute is Being。 This is (in thought) the absolutely initial
definition; the most abstract and stinted。 It is the definition given by the Eleatics;
but at the same time is also the well…known definition of God as the sum of all
realities。 It means; in short; that we are to set aside that limitation which is in
every reality; so that God shall be only the real in all reality; the superlatively real。
Or; if we reject reality; as implying a reflection; we get a more immediate or
unreflected statement of the same thing; when Jacobi says that the God of
Spinoza is the principium of being in all existence。 

                                  § 86n1

When thinking is to begin; we have nothing but thought in its merest indeterminate: for we cannot
determine unless there is both one and another: and yet in the beginning there is yet no other。 The
indeterminate; as we have it; is the blank we begin with; not a featurelessness reached by
abstraction; not the elimination of all character; but the original featurelessness which precedes all
definite character and is the very first of all。 And this we call Being。 It is not to be felt; or perceived
by sense; or pictured in imagination: it is only and merely thought; and as such it forms the
beginning。 Essence also is indeterminate; but in another sense: it has traversed the process of
mediation and contains implicit the determination it has absorbed。 

                                  § 86n2

In the history of philosophy the different stages of the logical idea assume the shape of successive
systems; each based on a particular definition of the Absolute。 As the logical Idea is seen to unfold
itself in a process from the abstract to the concrete; so in the history of philosophy the earliest
systems are the most abstract; and thus at the same time the poorest。 The relation too of the earlier
to the later systems of philosophy is much like the relation of the corresponding stages of the
logical Idea: in other words; the earlier are preserved in the later: but subordinated and
submerged。 This is the true meaning of a much misunderstood phenomenon in the history of
philosophy — the refutation of one system by another; of an earlier by a later。 Most commonly the
refutation is taken in a purely negative sense to mean that the system refuted has ceased to count
for anything; has been set aside and done for。 Were it so; the history of philosophy would be; of
all studies; most saddening; displaying; as it does; the refutation 
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