ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
more2-7-µÚ3²¿·Ö
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡after¡¡the¡¡parties¡¡have¡¡laid¡¡open¡¡the¡¡merits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cause£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡those¡¡artifices¡¡which¡¡lawyers¡¡are¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡suggest£»¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡judge¡¡examines¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡matter£»¡¡and¡¡supports¡¡the¡¡simplicity¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡well¡meaning¡¡persons£»¡¡whom¡¡otherwise¡¡crafty¡¡men¡¡would¡¡be¡¡sure¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡run¡¡down£º¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡they¡¡avoid¡¡those¡¡evils¡¡which¡¡appear¡¡very¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡remarkably¡¡among¡¡all¡¡those¡¡nations¡¡that¡¡labor¡¡under¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡load¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡laws¡£¡¡Every¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡is¡¡skilled¡¡in¡¡their¡¡law£»¡¡for¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡short¡¡study£»¡¡so¡¡the¡¡plainest¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡which¡¡words¡¡are¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡capable¡¡is¡¡always¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡their¡¡laws¡£¡¡And¡¡they¡¡argue¡¡thus£º¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡laws¡¡are¡¡promulgated¡¡for¡¡this¡¡end£»¡¡that¡¡every¡¡man¡¡may¡¡know¡¡his¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡duty£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡the¡¡plainest¡¡and¡¡most¡¡obvious¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡words¡¡is¡¡that¡¡which¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡put¡¡upon¡¡them£»¡¡since¡¡a¡¡more¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡refined¡¡exposition¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡easily¡¡comprehended£»¡¡and¡¡would¡¡only¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡serve¡¡to¡¡make¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡become¡¡useless¡¡to¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡part¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡mankind£»¡¡and¡¡especially¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who¡¡need¡¡most¡¡the¡¡direction¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them£º¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡all¡¡one£»¡¡not¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡law¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡couch¡¡it¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡such¡¡terms¡¡that¡¡without¡¡a¡¡quick¡¡apprehension£»¡¡and¡¡much¡¡study£»¡¡a¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡cannot¡¡find¡¡out¡¡the¡¡true¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡generality¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡mankind¡¡are¡¡both¡¡so¡¡dull¡¡and¡¡so¡¡much¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡their¡¡several¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡trades¡¡that¡¡they¡¡have¡¡neither¡¡the¡¡leisure¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡capacity¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡requisite¡¡for¡¡such¡¡an¡¡inquiry¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡their¡¡neighbors£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡masters¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡liberties£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡long¡¡ago£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡assistance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Utopians£»¡¡shaken¡¡off¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡yoke¡¡of¡¡tyranny£»¡¡and¡¡being¡¡much¡¡taken¡¡with¡¡those¡¡virtues¡¡which¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡observe¡¡among¡¡them£»¡¡have¡¡come¡¡to¡¡desire¡¡that¡¡they¡¡would¡¡send¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡magistrates¡¡to¡¡govern¡¡them£»¡¡some¡¡changing¡¡them¡¡every¡¡year£»¡¡and¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡every¡¡five¡¡years¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡their¡¡government¡¡they¡¡bring¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡back¡¡to¡¡Utopia£»¡¡with¡¡great¡¡expressions¡¡of¡¡honor¡¡and¡¡esteem£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡carry¡¡away¡¡others¡¡to¡¡govern¡¡in¡¡their¡¡stead¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡they¡¡seem¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡have¡¡fallen¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡very¡¡good¡¡expedient¡¡for¡¡their¡¡own¡¡happiness¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡safety£»¡¡for¡¡since¡¡the¡¡good¡¡or¡¡ill¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡a¡¡nation¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡depends¡¡so¡¡much¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡magistrates£»¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡have¡¡made¡¡a¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡better¡¡choice¡¡than¡¡by¡¡pitching¡¡on¡¡men¡¡whom¡¡no¡¡advantages¡¡can¡¡bias£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡wealth¡¡is¡¡of¡¡no¡¡use¡¡to¡¡them£»¡¡since¡¡they¡¡must¡¡so¡¡soon¡¡go¡¡back¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡their¡¡own¡¡country£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡being¡¡strangers¡¡among¡¡them£»¡¡are¡¡not¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡any¡¡of¡¡their¡¡heats¡¡or¡¡animosities£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡certain¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡when¡¡public¡¡judicatories¡¡are¡¡swayed£»¡¡either¡¡by¡¡avarice¡¡or¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡partial¡¡affections£»¡¡there¡¡must¡¡follow¡¡a¡¡dissolution¡¡of¡¡justice£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡sinew¡¡of¡¡society¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Utopians¡¡call¡¡those¡¡nations¡¡that¡¡come¡¡and¡¡ask¡¡magistrates¡¡from¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡neighbors£»¡¡but¡¡those¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡have¡¡been¡¡of¡¡more¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡particular¡¡service£»¡¡friends¡£¡¡And¡¡as¡¡all¡¡other¡¡nations¡¡are¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡perpetually¡¡either¡¡making¡¡leagues¡¡or¡¡breaking¡¡them£»¡¡they¡¡never¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡enter¡¡into¡¡an¡¡alliance¡¡with¡¡any¡¡State¡£¡¡They¡¡think¡¡leagues¡¡are¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡useless¡¡things£»¡¡and¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡if¡¡the¡¡common¡¡ties¡¡of¡¡humanity¡¡do¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡knit¡¡men¡¡together£»¡¡the¡¡faith¡¡of¡¡promises¡¡will¡¡have¡¡no¡¡great¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡effect£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡are¡¡the¡¡more¡¡confirmed¡¡in¡¡this¡¡by¡¡what¡¡they¡¡see¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡the¡¡nations¡¡round¡¡about¡¡them£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡no¡¡strict¡¡observers¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡leagues¡¡and¡¡treaties¡£¡¡We¡¡know¡¡how¡¡religiously¡¡they¡¡are¡¡observed¡¡in¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Europe£»¡¡more¡¡particularly¡¡where¡¡the¡¡Christian¡¡doctrine¡¡is¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡received£»¡¡among¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡are¡¡sacred¡¡and¡¡inviolable£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡partly¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡justice¡¡and¡¡goodness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡princes¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves£»¡¡and¡¡partly¡¡to¡¡the¡¡reverence¡¡they¡¡pay¡¡to¡¡the¡¡popes£»¡¡who¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡most¡¡religious¡¡observers¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡promises£»¡¡so¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡exhort¡¡all¡¡other¡¡princes¡¡to¡¡perform¡¡theirs£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡fainter¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡methods¡¡do¡¡not¡¡prevail£»¡¡they¡¡compel¡¡them¡¡to¡¡it¡¡by¡¡the¡¡severity¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡pastoral¡¡censure£»¡¡and¡¡think¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡the¡¡most¡¡indecent¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡thing¡¡possible¡¡if¡¡men¡¡who¡¡are¡¡particularly¡¡distinguished¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡title¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¨faithful¡¨¡¡should¡¡not¡¡religiously¡¡keep¡¡the¡¡faith¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡treaties¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡that¡¡newfound¡¡world£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡not¡¡more¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡distant¡¡from¡¡us¡¡in¡¡situation¡¡than¡¡the¡¡people¡¡are¡¡in¡¡their¡¡manners¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡course¡¡of¡¡life£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡trusting¡¡to¡¡leagues£»¡¡even¡¡though¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡were¡¡made¡¡with¡¡all¡¡the¡¡pomp¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡sacred¡¡ceremonies£»¡¡on¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡on¡¡this¡¡account¡¡the¡¡sooner¡¡broken£»¡¡some¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡slight¡¡pretence¡¡being¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡words¡¡of¡¡the¡¡treaties£»¡¡which¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡purposely¡¡couched¡¡in¡¡such¡¡ambiguous¡¡terms¡¡that¡¡they¡¡can¡¡never¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡so¡¡strictly¡¡bound¡¡but¡¡they¡¡will¡¡always¡¡find¡¡some¡¡loophole¡¡to¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡escape¡¡at£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡they¡¡break¡¡both¡¡their¡¡leagues¡¡and¡¡their¡¡faith¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡this¡¡is¡¡done¡¡with¡¡such¡¡impudence£»¡¡that¡¡those¡¡very¡¡men¡¡who¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡value¡¡themselves¡¡on¡¡having¡¡suggested¡¡these¡¡expedients¡¡to¡¡their¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡princes£»¡¡would¡¡with¡¡a¡¡haughty¡¡scorn¡¡declaim¡¡against¡¡such¡¡craft£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or£»¡¡to¡¡speak¡¡plainer£»¡¡such¡¡fraud¡¡and¡¡deceit£»¡¡if¡¡they¡¡found¡¡private¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡make¡¡use¡¡of¡¡it¡¡in¡¡their¡¡bargains£»¡¡and¡¡would¡¡readily¡¡say¡¡that¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡deserved¡¡to¡¡be¡¡hanged¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡By¡¡this¡¡means¡¡it¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡all¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡passes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡a¡¡low¡spirited¡¡and¡¡vulgar¡¡virtue£»¡¡far¡¡below¡¡the¡¡dignity¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡royal¡¡greatness¡£¡¡Or¡¡at¡¡least£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡set¡¡up¡¡two¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡justice£»¡¡the¡¡one¡¡is¡¡mean£»¡¡and¡¡creeps¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡becomes¡¡none¡¡but¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡part¡¡of¡¡mankind£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡must¡¡be¡¡kept¡¡in¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡severely¡¡by¡¡many¡¡restraints¡¡that¡¡it¡¡may¡¡not¡¡break¡¡out¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bounds¡¡that¡¡are¡¡set¡¡to¡¡it¡£¡¡The¡¡other¡¡is¡¡the¡¡peculiar¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡princes£»¡¡which¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡more¡¡majestic¡¡than¡¡that¡¡which¡¡becomes¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡rabble£»¡¡so¡¡takes¡¡a¡¡freer¡¡compass£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡lawful¡¡and¡¡unlawful¡¡are¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡measured¡¡by¡¡pleasure¡¡and¡¡interest¡£¡¡These¡¡practices¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡princes¡¡that¡¡lie¡¡about¡¡Utopia£»¡¡who¡¡make¡¡so¡¡little¡¡account¡¡of¡¡their¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡faith£»¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡reasons¡¡that¡¡determine¡¡them¡¡to¡¡engage¡¡in¡¡no¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡confederacies£»¡¡perhaps¡¡they¡¡would¡¡change¡¡their¡¡mind¡¡if¡¡they¡¡lived¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡us£»¡¡but¡¡yet¡¡though¡¡treaties¡¡were¡¡more¡¡religiously¡¡observed£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡would¡¡still¡¡dislike¡¡the¡¡custom¡¡of¡¡making¡¡them£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡has¡¡taken¡¡up¡¡a¡¡false¡¡maxim¡¡upon¡¡it£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡there¡¡were¡¡no¡¡tie¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡uniting¡¡one¡¡nation¡¡to¡¡another£»¡¡only¡¡separated¡¡perhaps¡¡by¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡mountain¡¡or¡¡a¡¡river£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡all¡¡were¡¡born¡¡in¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hostility£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡might¡¡lawfully¡¡do¡¡all¡¡that¡¡mischief¡¡to¡¡their¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡neighbors¡¡against¡¡which¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡provision¡¡made¡¡by¡¡treaties£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡that¡¡when¡¡treaties¡¡are¡¡made£»¡¡they¡¡do¡¡not¡¡cut¡¡off¡¡the¡¡enmity£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡restrain¡¡the¡¡license¡¡of¡¡preying¡¡upon¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡if¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡unskilfulness¡¡of¡¡wording¡¡them¡¡there¡¡are¡¡not¡¡effectual¡¡provisos¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡against¡¡them¡£¡¡They£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡judge¡¡that¡¡no¡¡man¡¡is¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡be¡¡esteemed¡¡our¡¡enemy¡¡that¡¡has¡¡never¡¡injured¡¡us£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡par
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԴ´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡