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the greatness of cities-第6部分

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 pleasure; and give way each to other。 But the wideness of a river without depth serves not for our purpose; for it dissipateth and disperseth the water in such sort that it maketh it unfit for navigation; which happeneth to the river of Plate; which through overmuch wideness is for the most part low and of uneven bottom; and full of rocks and little islands。 And for the selfsame cause the rivers of Spain are not greatly navigable; for they have large bellies but they spread wide; and uneven they are; and uncertain。 And thus much sufficeth to have said of rivers。     Now forasmuch as the commodities and profits are such and so great which the water bringeth to advance the greatness of a city; of consequent those cities must be the fairest and richest that have the most store of navigable rivers。 And even such are those cities that are seated upon good havens of the seas; rivers or lakes; that are commodious; apt and fit for sundry navigations。     It may seem to some that with the easiness of conduct the foundation is now found out; and full complement and perfection of the greatness of a city。 But it is not so; for it behoves besides that that there be some matter of profit that may draw the people and cause them to repair to one place more than to another。 For where there is no commodity of conduct the multitude of people cannot be great; which the hills and mountains teacheth us; on which we may well see many castles and little towns; but no store of people that we might thereby call them great。 And the reason is; because of the cragginess and steepness of their sites such things as are necessary and commodious for a civil life cannot be brought unto them without an infinite toil and labour。 And Fiesole became desert and Florence frequented upon none other cause than that Fiesole standeth on too steep and too high a place; almost inaccessible; and Florence in a very plain; easy to have access unto it。 And in Rome we see the people have forsaken the Aventine and other hills there; and drawn themselves altogether down to the plain and places nearest unto Tiber for the commodity which the plain and the water affordeth to the conduct of goods and traffic。     But where conduct and carriage is easy you see not for all that a notable and famous city by and by。 For without question the port of Messina is far much better than the port of Naples; that notwithstanding Naples; if you behold the people; exceedeth more than two Messinas。 The port of Cartagena exceeds in all respects the port of Genoa; and yet Genoa; for multitude of people; for wealth and for all matter of good things besides mightily exceedeth Cartagena。 What port is more fair; more safe or more spacious than the chattel of Cattaro? And yet is there not any memorable city in that place。     What shall I say of rivers? In Peru there is the river Marion which (it is said) doth run (a marvellous thing to report) six thousand miles in length; and more。 You have the river of Plate thereby; which though it give place to Marion for the length of his stream and course it beareth yet more water a great deal; and at the mouth of it; they say; it is one hundred and fifty miles wide。 In New France there is the river of Canada; wide at the mouth thirty…five miles; and two hundred fathom deep。 In Africa there are also very great rivers; Senegal; Gambia and Cuanza; which last is a river late found out in the kingdom of Angola which is thought to be wide at the mouth thirty…five miles; and yet amongst them there is not a famous city to be found。 Nay further; on the river of Cuanza the barbarous people there live in dens; and hide them in caves covered with boughs in the company and fellowship; as it were; of crabs and lobsters; which through use and custom grow wondrous familiar and secure with them。     In Asia although Menam; which in their language signifieth the Mother of Rivers; and Mekong; which is navigable for more than two thousand miles; and likewise Indus and other royal rivers be sufficiently inhabited; yet for all that Ob; which is the greatest there amongst them (for where it falleth into the Scythian Ocean it is eighty miles broad; which makes some men think the Mare Caspium disburdeneth itself that way into the Ocean); hath not any famous city in it。     After this another question also riseth; how it comes if the commodious means of conduct do at full accomplish the greatness of a city; how; I say; it comes to pass where upon the shore of one self river the conduct is even; easy and alike and that city yet is greater than another? Without doubt it sufficeth not alone that the transportation of goods to and fro be easy and commodious; but there must be else besides that; some peculiar virtue attractive that may draw men and allure men more to one place than to another; whereof we shall in the next book speak more at large。


Book Two

    Hitherto have we spoken of aptness of the site; of the fruitfulness of the soil and of the commodious transportation of commodities to and fro; for the help and increase of our city。 Let us now see what those things are that may allure the people (who are of nature indifferent to be here or there) to the choice of one place before another to make their habitations in; and what causeth commerce and traffic。 And let us first declare the proper means the Romans took; and then afterward the means that generally were common to them and others。

 1。 The proper means of the Romans

    The first means the Romans used was the opening of the sanctuary and giving liberty and freedom to all that would to come unto them; which Romulus did to the end (his neighbours at that time evil entreated by tyrants; and the country swarming full with discontented persons) Rome might by that means be the sooner peopled through the benefit of their safety they were sure to find there; neither was he therein deceived a whit; for thither flocked with their goods a number of people that were either thrust out of their habitations; or unsafe and unsure of their lives in their countries。 But when they found afterward a want of women necessary for propagation; Romulus proclaimed certain great and solemn feasts at which he stole and held away by force the greatest part of the youngest women that did resort to see them: so that it is no marvel if out of so fierce and stout a people there rose so fierce and stout an issue。     The very same reason in a matter in these our days hath increased so much the city of Geneva; forasmuch as it hath offered entertainment to all comers out of France and Italy that have either forsaken or been exiled their countries for religion's sake。 And the same country of Germany (they call Francorum Vallem) by the sufferance of Casimir; one of the Counts Palatine of the Rhine; later erected by the Belgians that were for religion thrust out of their countries have done the like。     Cosimo the Great Duke of Tuscany; to appopulate the port Ferraio; gave protection to such as would fly thither; and confined a number that for their offences had worthy deserved punishment; which course the Great Duke Francis his son observed afterward for the peopling of Pisa and Livorno。 But as we have afore said; it is neither strength nor necessity that h
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