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　　　　Colonial　products；　so　far　as　they　do　not　consist　of　raw



materials　for　manufacturing　purposes；　evidently　act　more　as



stimulants　than　necessary　means　of　subsistence。　No　one　will　deny



that　barley　coffee　without　sugar　is　as　nutritious　as　mocha　coffee



with　sugar；　and　admitting　also　that　these　products　contain　some



nutritious　matter；　their　value　in　this　respect　is　nevertheless　so



unimportant　that　they　can　scarcely　be　considered　as　substitutes　for



native　provisions。　With　regard　to　spices　and　tobacco；　they　are



certainly　mere　stimulants；　i。e。　they　chiefly　produce　a　useful



effect　on　society　only　so　far　as　they　augment　the　enjoyments　of　the



masses；　and　incite　them　to　mental　and　bodily　labour。



　　　　In　many　countries　very　erroneous　notions　prevail　among　those



who　live　by　salaries　or　rents；　respecting　what　they　are　accustomed



to　call　the　luxurious　habits　of　the　lower　classes；　such　persons　are



shocked　to　observe　that　labourers　drink　coffee　with　sugar；　and



regret　the　times　when　they　were　satisfied　with　gruel；　they　deplore



that　the　peasant　has　exchanged　his　poor　clothing　of　coarse　homespun



for　woollen　cloth；　they　express　fears　that　the　maid…servant　will



soon　not　be　distinguishable　from　the　lady　of　the　house；　they　praise



the　legal　restrictions　on　dress　of　previous　centuries。　But　if　we



compare　the　result　of　the　labour　of　the　workman　in　countries　where



he　is　clad　and　nourished　like　the　well…to…do　man　with　the　result　of



his　labour　where　he　has　to　be　satisfied　with　the　coarsest　food　and



clothing；　we　shall　find　that　the　increase　of　his　comfort　in　the



former　case　has　been　attained　not　at　the　expense　of　the　general



welfare；　but　to　the　advantage　of　the　productive　powers　of　the



community。　The　day's　work　of　the　workman　is　double　or　three　times



greater　in　the　former　case　than　in　the　latter。　Attempts　to　regulate



dress　and　restrictions　on　luxury　have　destroyed　wholesome　emulation



in　the　large　masses　of　society；　and　have　merely　tended　to　the



increase　of　mental　and　bodily　idleness。



　　　　In　any　case　products　must　be　created　before　they　can　be



consumed；　and　thus　production　must　necessarily　generally　precede



consumption。　In　popular　and　national　practice；　however；　consumption



frequently　precedes　production。　Manufacturing　nations；　supported　by



large　capital　and　less　restricted　in　their　production　than　mere



agricultural　nations；　make；　as　a　rule；　advances　to　the　latter　on



the　yield　of　future　crops；　the　latter　thus　consume　before　they



produce　　they　produce　later　on　because　they　have　previously



consumed。　The　same　thing　manifests　itself　in　a　much　greater　degree



in　the　relation　between　town　and　country：　the　closer　the



manufacturer　is　to　the　agriculturist；　the　more　will　the　former



offer　to　the　latter　both　an　inducement　to　consume　and　means　for



consumption；　the　more　also　will　the　latter　feel　himself　stimulated



to　greater　production。



　　　　Among　the　most　potent　stimulants　are　those　afforded　by　the



civil　and　political　institutions　of　the　country。　Where　it　is　not



possible　to　raise　oneself　by　honest　exertions　and　by　prosperity



from　one　class　of　society　to　another；　from　the　lowest　to　the



highest；　where　the　possessor　necessarily　hesitates　to　show　his



property　publicly　or　to　enjoy　the　fruits　of　it　because　it　would



expose　his　property　to　risk；　or　lest　he　should　be　accused　of



arrogance　or　impropriety；　where　persons　engaged　in　trade　are



excluded　from　public　honour；　from　taking　part　in　administration；



legislation；　and　juries；　where　distinguished　achievements　in



agriculture；　industry；　and　commerce　do　not　lead　also　to　public



esteem　and　to　social　and　civil　distinction；　there　the　most



important　motives　for　consumption　as　well　as　for　production　are



wanting。



　　　　Every　law；　every　public　regulation；　has　a　strengthening　or



weakening　effect　on　production　or　on　consumption　or　on　the



productive　forces。



　　　　The　granting　of　patent　privileges　offers　a　prize　to　inventive



minds。　The　hope　of　obtaining　the　prize　arouses　the　mental　powers；



and　gives　them　a　direction　towards　industrial　improvements。　It



brings　honour　to　the　inventive　mind　in　society；　and　roots　out　the



prejudice　for　old　customs　and　modes　of　operation　so　injurious　among



uneducated　nations。　It　provides　the　man　who　merely　possesses　mental



faculties　for　new　inventions　with　the　material　means　which　he



requires；　inasmuch　as　capitalists　are　thus　incited　to　support　the



inventor；　by　being　assured　of　participation　in　the　anticipated



profits。



　　　　Protective　duties　act　as　stimulants　on　all　those　branches　of



internal　industry　the　produce　of　which　foreign　countries　can



provide　better　than　the　home　country　but　of　the　production　of　which



the　home　country　is　capable。　They　guarantee　a　reward　to　the　man　of



enterprise　and　to　the　workman　for　acquiring　new　knowledge　and



skill；　and　offer　to　the　inland　and　foreign　capitalist　means　for



investing　his　capital　for　a　definite　and　certain　time　in　a



specially　remunerative　manner。







Chapter　26







Customs　Duties　as　a　Chief　Means　of　Establishing　and　Protecting　the



internal　Manufacturing　Power







　　　　It　is　not　part　of　our　plan　to　treat　of　those　means　of　promoting



internal　industry　whose　efficacy　and　applicability　are　nowhere



called　in　question。　To　these　belong　e。g。　educational　establishments



（especially　technical　schools）；　industrial　exhibitions；　offers　of



prizes；　transport　improvements；　patent　laws；　&c。；　in　short；　all



those　laws　and　institutions　by　means　of　which　industry　is



furthered；　and　internal　and　external　commerce　facilitated　and



regulated。　We　have　here　merely　to　speak　of　the　institution　of



customs　duties　as　a　means　for　the　development　of　industry。



　　　　According　to　our　system；　prohibitions　of；　or　duties　on；　exports



can　only　be　thought　of　as　exceptional　things；　the　imports　of



natural　products　must　everywhere　be　subject　to　revenue　duties　only；



and　never　to　duties　intended　to　protect　native　agricultural



production。　In　manufacturing　states；　articles　of　luxury　from　warm



climates　are　chiefly　subject　to　duties　for　revenue；　but　not　the



common　necessaries　of　life；　as　e。g。　corn　or　fat　cattle；　but　the



countries　of　warmer　climate　or　countries　of　smaller　population　or



limited　territory；　or　countries　not　yet　sufficiently　populous；　or



such　as　are　still　far　behind　in　civilisation　and　in　their　social



and　political　institutions；　are　those　which　should　only　impose　mere



revenue　duties　on　manufactured　goods。



　　　　Revenue　duties　of　every　kind；　however；　should　everywhere　be　so



moderate　as　not　essentially　to　restrict　importation　and



consumption；　because；　otherwise；　not　only　would　the　internal