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not　perceive　what　rich　fruits　such　a　system　would　have　yielded　to



the　Polish　nation？　By　the　aid　of　large　and　industrious　towns；　the



crown　would　have　been　rendered　hereditary；　the　nobility　would　have



been　obliged　to　make　it　convenient　to　take　part　in　legislation　in



a　House　of　Peers；　and　to　emancipate　their　serfs；　agriculture　would



have　developed　itself；　as　it　has　developed　itself　in　England；　the



Polish　nobility　would　now　be　rich　and　respected；　the　Polish　nation



would；　even　if　not　so　respected　and　influential　in　the　affairs　of



the　world　as　the　English　nation　is；　would　have　long　ago　become　so



civilised　and　powerful　as　to　extend　its　influence　over　the　less



cultivated　East。　Without　a　manufacturing　power　she　has　become



ruined　and　partitioned；　and　were　she　not　so　already　she　must　have



become　so。　Of　its　own　accord　and　spontaneously　no　manufacturing



power　was　developed　in　her；　it　could　not　be　so；　because　its　efforts



would　have　been　always　frustrated　by　further　advanced　nations。



Without　a　system　of　protection；　and　under　a　system　of　free　trade



with　further　advanced　nations；　even　if　Poland　had　retained　her



independence　up　to　the　present　time；　she　could　never　have　carried



on　anything　more　than　a　crippled　agriculture；　she　could　never　have



become　rich；　powerful；　and　outwardly　influential。



　　　　By　the　circumstance　that　so　many　natural　resources　and　natural



powers　are　converted　by　the　manufacturing　power　into　productive



capital　is　the　fact　chiefly　to　be　accounted　for；　that　protective



regulations　act　so　powerfully　on　the　augmentation　of　national



wealth。　This　prosperity　is　not　a　false　appearance；　like　the　effects



of　restrictions　on　the　trade　in　mere　natural　products；　it　is　a



reality。　They　are　natural　powers　which　are　otherwise　quite　dead　



natural　resources　which　are　otherwise　quite　valueless；　which　an



agricultural　nation　calls　to　life　and　renders　valuable　by



establishing　a　manufacturing　power　of　its　own。







　　　　It　is　an　old　observation；　that　the　human　race；　like　the　various



breeds　of　animals；　is　improved　mentally　and　bodily　by　crossings；



that　man；　if　a　few　families　always　intermarry　amongst　one　another；



just　as　the　plant　if　the　seed　is　always　sown　in　the　same　soil；



gradually　degenerates。　We　seem　obliged　to　attribute　to　this　law　of



nature　the　circumstance　that　among　many　wild　or　half…wild　tribes　in



Africa　and　Asia；　whose　numbers　are　limited；　the　men　choose　their



wives　from　foreign　tribes。　The　fact　which　experience　shows；　that



the　oligarchies　of　small　municipal　republics；　who　continually



intermarry　among　themselves；　gradually　die　out　or　visibly



degenerate；　appears　similarly　attributable　to　such　a　natural　law。



It　is　undeniable　that　the　mixing　of　two　quite　different　races



results；　almost　without　exception；　in　a　powerful　and　fine　future



progeny；　and　this　observation　extends　to　the　mixing　of　the　white



race　with　the　black　in　the　third　and　the　fourth　generation。　This



observation　seems　to　confirm　more　than　any　other　thing　the　fact；



that　those　nations　which　have　emanated　from　a　crossing　of　race



frequently　repeated　and　comprising　the　whole　nation；　have　surpassed



all　other　nations　in　power　and　energy　of　the　mind　and　character；　in



intelligence；　bodily　strength；　and　personal　beauty。（2*）



　　　　We　think　we　may　conclude　from　this　that　men　need　not



necessarily　be　such　dull；　clumsy；　and　unintellectual　beings　as　we



perceive　them　to　be　when　occupied　in　crippled　agriculture　in　small



villages；　where　a　few　families　have　for　thousands　of　years



intermarried　only　with　one　another；　where　for　centuries　it　has



occurred　to　no　one　to　make　use　of　an　implement　of　a　new　form；　or　to



adopt　a　new　method　of　culture；　to　alter　the　style　of　a　single



article　of　clothing；　or　to　adopt　a　new　idea；　where　the　greatest　art



consisted；　not　in　exerting　one's　bodily　and　mental　powers　in　order



to　obtain　as　much　enjoyment　as　possible；　but　to　dispense　with　as



much　of　it　as　possible。



　　　　This　condition　of　things　is　entirely　changed　（and　for　the　best



purposes　of　the　improvement　of　race　of　a　whole　nation）　by



establishing　a　manufacturing　power。　While　a　large　portion　of　the



increase　of　the　agricultural　population　goes　over　into　the



manufacturing　community；　while　the　agricultural　population　of



various　districts　becomes　mixed　by　marriages　between　one　another



and　with　the　manufacturing　population；　the　mental；　moral；　and



physical　stagnation　of　the　population　is　broken　up。　The　intercourse



which　manufactures　and　the　commerce　between　various　nations　and



districts　which　is　based　upon　them　bring　about；　brings　new　blood



into　the　whole　nation　as　well　as　into　separate　communities　and



families。



　　　　The　development　of　the　manufacturing　power　has　no　less



important　an　influence　on　the　improvement　of　the　breeds　of　cattle。



Everywhere；　where　woollen　manufactures　have　been　established；　the



race　of　sheep　has　quickly　been　improved。　Owing　to　a　greater　demand



for　good　meat；　which　a　numerous　manufacturing　population　creates；



the　agriculturist　will　endeavour　to　introduce　better　breeds　of



cattle。　The　greater　demand　for　'horses　of　luxury'　is　followed　by



the　improvement　of　the　breeds　of　horses。　We　shall　then　no　longer



see　those　wretched　primitive　breeds　of　cattle；　horses；　and　sheep；



which　having　resulted　from　the　crippled　state　of　agriculture　and



everywhere　from　neglect　of　crossing　of　breeds；　exhibit　a　side



spectacle　worthy　of　their　clumsy　owners。



　　　　How　much　do　the　productive　powers　of　the　nations　already　owe　to



the　importation　of　foreign　breeds　of　animals　and　to　the　improvement



of　the　native　breeds；　and　how　much　has　yet　to　be　done　in　this



respect！　All　the　silkworms　of　Europe　are　derived　from　a　few　eggs；



which　（under　Constantine）　were　brought　to　Constantinople　in　hollow



sticks；　by　Greek　monks　from　China；　where　their　exportation　was



strictly　prohibited。　France　is　indebted　to　the　importation　of　the



Thibet　goat　for　a　beautiful　product　of　her　industry。　It　is　very



much　to　be　regretted；　that　hitherto　the　breeding　and　improving　of



animals　has　been　chiefly　carried　on　in　order　to　satisfy　the



requirements　of　luxury；　and　not　in　order　to　promote　the　welfare　of



the　large　masses。　The　descriptions　of　travellers　show　that　in　some



countries　of　Asia　a　race　of　cattle　has　been　seen　which　combines



considerable　draught　power　with　great　swiftness　of　pace；　so　that



they　can　be　used　with　almost　the　same　advantage　as　horses　for



riding　and　driving。　What　immense　advantages　would　such　a　breed　of



cattle　confer　on　the　smaller　agriculturists　of　Europe！　What　an



increase　in　means　of　subsistence；　productive　power；　and



convenience；　would　the　working　classes