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on the gait of animals-第7部分

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live in holes; for creatures living so cannot possibly be high above



the ground。



  But crabs are in nature the oddest of all polypods; they do not



progress forwards except in the sense explained above; they are the



only animals which have more than one pair of leading limbs。 The



explanation of this is the hardness of their limbs; and the fact



that they use them not for swimming but for walking; they always



keep on the ground。 However; the flexion of the limbs of all



polypods is oblique; like that of the quadrupeds which live in



holes…for example lizards and crocodiles and most of the oviparous



quadrupeds。 And the explanation is that some of them in their breeding



periods; and some all their life; live in holes。



                                17







  Now the rest have bandy legs because they are soft…skinned; but



the crayfish is hard…skinned and its limbs are for swimming and not



for walking (and so are not bandy)。 Crabs; too; have their limbs



bent obliquely; but not bandy like oviparous quadrupeds and



non…sanguineous polypods; because their limbs have a hard and



shell…like skin; although they don't swim but live in holes; they live



in fact on the ground。 Moreover; their shape is like a disk; as



compared with the crayfish which is elongated; and they haven't a tail



like the crayfish; a tail is useful to the crayfish for swimming;



but the crab is not a swimming creature。 Further; it alone has its



side equivalent to a hinder part; because it has many leading feet。



The explanation of this is that its flexions are not forward nor its



legs turned in under (bandy)。 We have given above the reason why its



legs are not turned in under; that is the hardness and shell…like



character of its integument。



  For these reasons then it must lead off with more than one limb; and



move obliquely; obliquely; because the flexion is oblique; and with



more than one limb; because otherwise the limbs that were still



would have got in the way of those that were moving。



  Fishes of the flat kind swim with their heads twisted; as one…eyed



men walk; they have their natural shape distorted。 Web…footed birds



swim with their feet; because they breath the air and have lungs



they are bipeds; but because they have their home in the water they



are webbed; by this arrangement their feet serve them instead of fins。



They have their legs too; not like the rest of birds in the centre



of their body; but rather set back。 Their legs are short; and being



set back are serviceable for swimming。 The reason for their having



short legs is that nature has added to their feet by subtracting



from the length of their limbs; instead of length she gives



stoutness to the legs and breadth to the feet。 Broad feet are more



useful than long for pushing away the water when they are swimming。



                                18







  There is reason; too; for winged creatures having feet; but fish



none。 The former have their home in the dry medium; and cannot



remain always in mid air; they must therefore have feet。 Fish on the



contrary live in the wet medium; and take in water; not air。 Fins



are useful for swimming; but feet not。 And if they had both they would



be non…sanguineous。 There is a broad similarity between birds and



fishes in the organs of locomotion。 Birds have their wings on the



superior part; similarly fish have two pectoral fins; again; birds



have legs on their under parts and near the wings; similarly; most



fish have two fins on the under parts and near the pectorals。 Birds;



too; have a tail and fish a tail…fin。



                                19







  A difficulty may be suggested as to the movements of molluscs;



that is; as to where that movement originates; for they have no



distinction of left and right。 Now observation shows them moving。 We



must; I think; treat all this class as mutilated; and as moving in the



way in which limbed creatures do when one cuts off their legs; or as



analogous with the seal and the bat。 Both the latter are quadrupeds



but misshapen。 Now molluscs do move; but move in a manner contrary



to nature。 They are not moving things; but are moving if as



sedentary creatures they are compared with zoophytes; and sedentary if



classed with progressing animals。



  As to right and left; crabs; too; show the distinction poorly; still



they do show it。 You can see it in the claw; the right claw is



larger and stronger; as though the right and left sides were trying to



get distinguished。



  The structure of animals; both in their other parts; and



especially in those which concern progression and any movement in



place; is as we have now described。 It remains; after determining



these questions; to investigate the problems of Life and Death。











                                  …THE END…





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