on the gait of animals-第2部分

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greater　detail；　while　those　which　are　not　differentiated　into　such



parts；　but　make　the　differentiation　in　the　body　itself　and　so



progress；　like　some　footless　animals　（for　example　snakes　and



caterpillars　after　their　kind；　and　besides　what　men　call　earth…worms）；



all　these　have　the　distinction　spoken　of；　although　it　is　not　made　so



manifest　to　us。　That　the　beginning　of　movement　is　on　the　right　is



indicated　by　the　fact　that　all　men　carry　burdens　on　the　left　shoulder；



in　this　way　they　set　free　the　side　which　initiates　movement　and　enable



the　side　which　bears　the　weight　to　be　moved。　And　so　men　hop　easier



on　the　left　leg；　for　the　nature　of　the　right　is　to　initiate



movement；　that　of　the　left　to　be　moved。　The　burden　then　must　rest　on



the　side　which　is　to　be　moved；　not　on　that　which　is　going　to　cause



movement；　and　if　it　be　set　on　the　moving　side；　which　is　the　original



of　movement；　it　will　either　not　be　moved　at　all　or　with　more　labour。



Another　indication　that　the　right　is　the　source　of　movement　is　the　way



we　put　our　feet　forward；　all　men　lead　off　with　the　left；　and　after



standing　still　prefer　to　put　the　left　foot　forward；　unless　something



happens　to　prevent　it。　The　reason　is　that　their　movement　comes　from



the　leg　they　step　off；　not　from　the　one　put　forward。　Again；　men



guard　themselves　with　their　right。　And　this　is　the　reason　why　the



right　is　the　same　in　all；　for　that　from　which　motion　begins　is　the



same　for　all；　and　has　its　natural　position　in　the　same　place；　and



for　this　reason　the　spiral…shaped　Testaceans　have　their　shells　on



the　right；　for　they　do　not　move　in　the　direction　of　the　spire；　but　all



go　forward　in　the　direction　opposite　to　the　spire。　Examples　are　the



murex　and　the　ceryx。　As　all　animals　then　start　movement　from　the



right；　and　the　right　moves　in　the　same　direction　as　the　whole；　it　is



necessary　for　all　to　be　alike　right…handed。　And　man　has　the　left　limbs



detached　more　than　any　other　animal　because　he　is　natural　in　a



higher　degree　than　the　other　animals；　now　the　right　is　naturally



both　better　than　the　left　and　separate　from　it；　and　so　in　man　the



right　is　more　especially　the　right；　more　dextrous　that　is；　than　in



other　animals。　The　right　then　being　differentiated　it　is　only



reasonable　that　in　man　the　left　should　be　most　movable；　and　most



detached。　In　man；　too；　the　other　starting…points　are　found　most



naturally　and　clearly　distinct；　the　superior　part　that　is　and　the



front。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　5







　　Animals　which；　like　men　and　birds；　have　the　superior　part



distinguished　from　the　front　are　two…footed　（biped）。　In　them；　of　the



four　points　of　motion；　two　are　wings　in　the　one；　hands　and　arms　in　the



other。　Animals　which　have　the　superior　and　the　front　parts　identically



situated　are　four…footed；　many…footed；　or　footless　（quadruped；



polypod；　limbless）。　I　use　the　term　foot　for　a　member　employed　for



movement　in　place　connected　with　a　point　on　the　ground；　for　the　feet



appear　to　have　got　their　name　from　the　ground　under　our　feet。



　　Some　animals；　too；　have　the　front　and　back　parts　identically



situated；　for　example；　Cephalopods　（molluscs）　and　spiral…shaped



Testaceans；　and　these　we　have　discussed　elsewhere　in　another



connexion。



　　Now　there　is　in　place　a　superior；　an　intermediate；　and　an



inferior；　in　respect　to　place　bipeds　have　their　superior　part



corresponding　to　the　part　of　the　universe；　quadrupeds；　polypods；　and



footless　animals　to　the　intermediate　part；　and　plants　to　the　inferior。



The　reason　is　that　these　have　no　power　of　locomotion；　and　the　superior



part　is　determined　relatively　to　the　nutriment；　and　their　nutriment　is



from　the　earth。　Quadrupeds；　polypods；　and　footless　animals　again



have　their　superior　part　corresponding　to　the　intermediate；　because



they　are　not　erect。　Bipeds　have　theirs　corresponding　to　the　superior



part　of　the　universe　because　they　are　erect；　and　of　bipeds；　man　par



excellence；　for　man　is　the　most　natural　of　bipeds。　And　it　is



reasonable　for　the　starting　points　to　be　in　these　parts；　for　the



starting…point　is　honourable；　and　the　superior　is　more　honourable　than



the　inferior；　the　front　than　the　back；　and　the　right　than　the　left。　Or



we　may　reverse　the　argument　and　say　quite　well　that　these　parts　are



more　honourable　than　their　opposites　just　because　the



starting…points　are　in　them。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　6







　　The　above　discussion　has　made　it　clear　that　the　original　of　movement



is　in　the　parts　on　the　right。　Now　every　continuous　whole；　one　part



of　which　is　moved　while　the　other　remains　at　rest　must；　in　order　to　be



able　to　move　as　a　whole　while　one　part　stands　still；　have　in　the　place



where　both　parts　have　opposed　movements　some　common　part　which



connects　the　moving　parts　with　one　another。　Further　in　this　common



part　the　original　of　the　motion　（and　similarly　of　the　absence　of



motion）　of　each　of　the　parts　must　lie。



　　Clearly　then　if　any　of　the　opposite　pairs　of　parts　（right　and



left；　that　is；　superior　and　inferior；　before　and　behind）　have　a



movement　of　their　own；　each　of　them　has　for　common　original　of　its



movements　the　juncture　of　the　parts　in　question。



　　Now　before　and　behind　are　not　distinctions　relatively　to　that



which　sets　up　its　own　motion；　because　in　nature　nothing　has　a　movement



backwards；　nor　has　a　moving　animal　any　division　whereby　it　may　make



a　change　of　position　towards　its　front　or　back；　but　right　and　left；



superior　and　inferior　are　so　distinguished。　Accordingly；　all　animals



which　progress　by　the　use　of　distinct　members　have　these　members



distinguished　not　by　the　differences　of　before　and　behind；　but　only　of



the　remaining　two　pairs；　the　prior　difference　dividing　these　members



into　right　and　left　（a　difference　which　must　appear　as　soon　as　you



have　division　into　two）；　and　the　other　difference　appearing　of



necessity　where　there　is　division　into　four。



　　Since　then　these　two　pairs；　the　superior　and　inferior　and　the



right　and　left；　are　linked　to　one　another　by　the　same　common



original　（by　which　I　mean　that　which　controls　their　movement）；　and



further；　everything　which　is　intended　to　make　a　movement　in　each



such　part　properly　must　have　the　original　cause　of　all　the　said



movements　arranged　in　a　certain　definite　position　relatively　to　the



distances　from　it　of　the　originals　of　the　movements　of　the



individual　members　（and　these　centres　of　the　individual　parts　are　in



pairs　arranged　coordinately　or　diagonally；　and　the　common　centre　is



the　original　from　which　the　animal's　movements　of　right　and　left；



and　similarly　of　superior　and　inferior；　start）；　each　animal　must



have　this　original　at　a　point　where　it　is　equally　or　nearly　equally



related　to　each　of　the　centres　in　the　four　parts　described。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　7







　　It　is　clear　then　how　locomotion　belongs　to　those　animals　o