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the essays of montaigne, v5-第11部分

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here pretend to breed a grammarian or a logician; but a gentleman; let us
leave them to abuse their leisure; our business lies elsewhere。  Let but
our pupil be well furnished with things; words will follow but too fast;
he will pull them after him if they do not voluntarily follow。  I have
observed some to make excuses; that they cannot express themselves; and
pretend to have their fancies full of a great many very fine things;
which yet; for want of eloquence; they cannot utter; 'tis a mere shift;
and nothing else。  Will you know what I think of it?  I think they are
nothing but shadows of some imperfect images and conceptions that they
know not what to make of within; nor consequently bring out; they do not
yet themselves understand what they would be at; and if you but observe
how they haggle and stammer upon the point of parturition; you will soon
conclude; that their labour is not to delivery; but about conception; and
that they are but licking their formless embryo。  For my part; I hold;
and Socrates commands it; that whoever has in his mind a sprightly and
clear imagination; he will express it well enough in one kind of tongue
or another; and; if he be dumb; by signs

               〃Verbaque praevisam rem non invita sequentur;〃

     '〃Once a thing is conceived in the mind; the words to express it
     soon present themselves。〃 (〃The words will not reluctantly follow the
     thing preconceived。〃)Horace; De Arte Poetica。 v。 311'

And as another as poetically says in his prose:

          〃Quum res animum occupavere; verbs ambiunt;〃

     '〃When things are once in the mind; the words offer themselves
     readily。〃  (〃When things have taken possession of the mind; the
     words trip。〃)Seneca; Controvers。; iii。  proem。'

and this other。

                    〃Ipsae res verbs rapiunt。〃

     '〃The things themselves force the words to express them。〃
     Cicero; De Finib。; iii。  5。'

He knows nothing of ablative; conjunctive; substantive; or grammar; no
more than his lackey; or a fishwife of the Petit Pont; and yet these will
give you a bellyful of talk; if you will hear them; and peradventure
shall trip as little in their language as the best masters of art in
France。  He knows no rhetoric; nor how in a preface to bribe the
benevolence of the courteous reader; neither does he care to know it。
Indeed all this fine decoration of painting is easily effaced by the
lustre of a simple and blunt truth; these fine flourishes serve only to
amuse the vulgar; of themselves incapable of more solid and nutritive
diet; as Aper very evidently demonstrates in Tacitus。〃  The ambassadors
of Samos; prepared with a long and elegant oration; came to Cleomenes;
king of Sparta; to incite him to a war against the tyrant Polycrates;
who; after he had heard their harangue with great gravity and patience;
gave them this answer: 〃As to the exordium; I remember it not; nor
consequently the middle of your speech; and for what concerns your
conclusion; I will not do what you desire:〃 'Plutarch; Apothegms of the
Lacedaemonians。' a very pretty answer this; methinks; and a pack of
learned orators most sweetly gravelled。  And what did the other man say?
The Athenians were to choose one of two architects for a very great
building they had designed; of these; the first; a pert affected fellow;
offered his service in a long premeditated discourse upon the subject of
the work in hand; and by his oratory inclined the voices of the people in
his favour; but the other in three words: 〃O Athenians; what this man
says; I will do。〃 'Plutarch; Instructions to Statesmen; c。 4。'
When Cicero was in the height and heat of an eloquent harangue; many were
struck with admiration; but Cato only laughed; saying; 〃We have a
pleasant (mirth…making) consul。〃  Let it go before; or come after; a good
sentence or a thing well said; is always in season; if it neither suit
well with what went before; nor has much coherence with what follows
after; it is good in itself。  I am none of those who think that good
rhyme makes a good poem。  Let him make short long; and long short if he
will; 'tis no great matter; if there be invention; and that the wit and
judgment have well performed their offices; I will say; here's a good
poet; but an ill rhymer。

               〃Emunctae naris; durus componere versus。〃

          '〃Of delicate humour; but of rugged versification。〃
          Horace; Sat; iv。 8。'

Let a man; says Horace; divest his work of all method and measure;

         〃Tempora certa modosque; et; quod prius ordine verbum est;
          Posterius facias; praeponens ultima primis
          Invenias etiam disjecti membra poetae。〃

     '〃Take away certain rhythms and measures; and make the word which
     was first in order come later; putting that which should be last
     first; you will still find the scattered remains of the poet。〃
     Horace; Sat。; i。 4; 58。'

he will never the more lose himself for that; the very pieces will be
fine by themselves。  Menander's answer had this meaning; who being
reproved by a friend; the time drawing on at which he had promised a
comedy; that he had not yet fallen in hand with it; 〃It is made; and
ready;〃 said he; 〃all but the verses。〃 'Plutarch; Whether the Athenians
more excelled in Arms or in Letters。' Having contrived the subject; and
disposed the scenes in his fancy; he took little care for the rest。
Since Ronsard and Du Bellay have given reputation to our French poesy;
every little dabbler; for aught I see; swells his words as high; and
makes his cadences very near as harmonious as they:

                    〃Plus sonat; quam valet。〃

               '〃More sound than sense〃Seneca; Ep。; 40。'

For the vulgar; there were never so many poetasters as now; but though
they find it no hard matter to imitate their rhyme; they yet fall
infinitely short of imitating the rich descriptions of the one; and the
delicate invention of the other of these masters。

But what will become of our young gentleman; if he be attacked with the
sophistic subtlety of some syllogism?  〃A Westfalia ham makes a man
drink; drink quenches thirst: ergo a Westfalia ham quenches thirst。〃
Why; let him laugh at it; it will be more discretion to do so; than to go
about to answer it; or let him borrow this pleasant evasion from
Aristippus:  〃Why should I trouble myself to untie that; which bound as
it is; gives me so much trouble?〃 'Diogenes Laertius; ii。 70。'
One offering at this dialectic juggling against Cleanthes; Chrysippus
took him short; saying; 〃Reserve these baubles to play with children;
and do not by such fooleries divert the serious thoughts of a man of
years。〃  If these ridiculous subtleties;

               〃Contorta et aculeata sophismata;〃

as Cicero calls them; are designed to possess him with an untruth; they
are dangerous; but if they signify no more than only to make him laugh;
I do not see why a man need to be fortified against them。  There are some
so ridiculous; as to go a mile out of their way to hook in a fine word:

          〃Aut qui non verba rebus aptant; sed res extrinsecus
          arcessunt; quibus verba conveniant。〃

     '
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