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a theologico-political treatise [part iii]-第13部分

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God is a fire; or rather; lest we should seem to have taken leave



of our senses; let us pass the matter over and take another example。







(42) Samuel expressly denies that God ever repents; 〃for he is not a man



that he should repent〃 (I Sam。 xv:29)。 (43) Jeremiah; on the other hand;



asserts that God does repent; both of the evil and of the good which He had



intended to do (Jer。 xviii:8…10)。 (44) What? (45) Are not these two



texts directly contradictory? (46) Which of the two; then; would our author



want to explain metaphorically? (47) Both statements are general; and each



is the opposite of the other … what one flatly affirms; the other flatly;



denies。 (48) So; by his own rule; he would be obliged at once to reject them



as false; and to accept them as true。







(49) Again; what is the point of one passage; not being contradicted by



another directly; but only by implication; if the implication is clear; and



the nature and context of the passage preclude metaphorical interpretation?



(50) There are many such instances in the Bible; as we saw in Chap。 II。



(where we pointed out that the prophets held different and contradictory



opinions); and also in Chaps。 IX。 and X。; where we drew attention to the



contradictions in the historical narratives。 (51) There is no need for me to



go through them all again; for what I have said sufficiently exposes the



absurdities which would follow from an opinion and rule such as we are



discussing; and shows the hastiness of its propounder。







(52) We may; therefore; put this theory; as well as that of Maimonides;



entirely out of court; and we may; take it for indisputable that theology is



not bound to serve reason; nor reason theology; but that each has her own



domain。







(53) The sphere of reason is; as we have said; truth and wisdom; the sphere



of theology; is piety and obedience。 (54) The power of reason does not



extend so far as to determine for us that men may be blessed through simple



obedience; without understanding。 (55) Theology; tells us nothing else;



enjoins on us no command save obedience; and has neither the will nor the



power to oppose reason: she defines the dogmas of faith (as we pointed out



in the last chapter) only in so far as they may be necessary; for obedience;



and leaves reason to determine their precise truth: for reason is the



light of the mind; and without her all things are dreams and phantoms。







(56) By theology; I here mean; strictly speaking; revelation; in so far as



it indicates the object aimed at by Scripture namely; the scheme and manner



of obedience; or the true dogmas of piety and faith。 (57) This may truly be



called the Word of God; which does not consist in a certain number of books



(see Chap。 XII。)。 (58) Theology thus understood; if we regard its precepts



or rules of life; will be found in accordance with reason; and; if we look



to its aim and object; will be seen to be in nowise repugnant thereto;



wherefore it is universal to all men。







(59) As for its bearing on Scripture; we have shown in Chap。 VII。 that the



meaning of Scripture should be gathered from its own history; and not from



the history of nature in general; which is the basis of philosophy。







(60) We ought not to be hindered if we find that our investigation of the



meaning of Scripture thus conducted shows us that it is here and there



repugnant to reason; for whatever we may find of this sort in the Bible;



which men may be in ignorance of; without injury to their charity; has; we



may be sure; no bearing on theology or the Word of God; and may; therefore;



without blame; be viewed by every one as he pleases。







(61) To sum up; we may draw the absolute conclusion that the Bible must not



be accommodated to reason; nor reason to the Bible。







(62) Now; inasmuch as the basis of theology … the doctrine that man may be



saved by obedience alone … cannot be proved by reason whether it be true or



false; we may be asked; Why; then; should we believe it? (63) If we do so



without the aid of reason; we accept it blindly; and act foolishly and



injudiciously; if; on the other hand; we settle that it can be proved by



reason; theology becomes a part of philosophy; and inseparable therefrom。



(64) But I make answer that I have absolutely established that this basis of



theology cannot be investigated by the natural light of reason; or; at any



rate; that no one ever has proved it by such means; and; therefore;



revelation was necessary。 (65) We should; however; make use of our reason;



in order to grasp with moral certainty what is revealed … I say; with moral



certainty; for we cannot hope to attain greater certainty; than the



prophets: yet their certainty was only; moral; as I showed in Chap。 II。







(66) Those; therefore; who attempt to set forth the authority of Scripture



with mathematical demonstrations are wholly in error: for the authority; of



the Bible is dependent on the authority of the prophets; and can be



supported by no stronger arguments than those employed in old time by the



prophets for convincing the people of their own authority。 (67) Our



certainty on the same subject can be founded on no other basis than that



which served as foundation for the certainty of the prophets。







(68) Now the certainty of the prophets consisted (as we pointed out) in these elements:…



(69) (I。) A distinct and vivid imagination。



(70) (II。) A sign。



(71) (III。) Lastly; and chiefly; a mind turned to what is just and good。 It was based on no other



reasons than these; and consequently they cannot prove their authority by any other reasons; either



to the multitude whom they addressed orally; nor to us whom they address in writing。







(72) The first of these reasons; namely; the vivid imagination; could be



valid only for the prophets; therefore; our certainty concerning revelation



must; and ought to be; based on the remaining two … namely; the sign and the



teaching。 (73) Such is the express doctrine of Moses; for (in Deut。 xviii。)



he bids the people obey the prophet who should give a true sign in the name



of the Lord; but if he should predict falsely; even though it were in the



name of the Lord; he should be put to death; as should also he who strives



to lead away the people from the true religion; though he confirm his



authority with signs and portents。 (74) We may compare with the above Deut。



xiii。 (75) Whence it follows that a true prophet could be distinguished from



a false one; both by his doctrine and by the miracles he wrought; for Moses



declares such an one to be a true prophet; and bids the people trust him



without fear of deceit。 (76) He condemns as false; and worthy; of death;



those who predict anything falsely even in the name of the Lord; or who



preach false gods; even though their miracles be real。







(77) The only reason; then;
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