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on sophistical refutations-第20部分

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examination dialectically but also with a show of knowledge; we



therefore proposed for our treatise not only the aforesaid aim of



being able to exact an account of any view; but also the aim of



ensuring that in standing up to an argument we shall defend our thesis



in the same manner by means of views as generally held as possible。



The reason of this we have explained; for this; too; was why



Socrates used to ask questions and not to answer them; for he used



to confess that he did not know。 We have made clear; in the course



of what precedes; the number both of the points with reference to



which; and of the materials from which; this will be accomplished; and



also from what sources we can become well supplied with these: we have



shown; moreover; how to question or arrange the questioning as a



whole; and the problems concerning the answers and solutions to be



used against the reasonings of the questioner。 We have also cleared up



the problems concerning all other matters that belong to the same



inquiry into arguments。 In addition to this we have been through the



subject of Fallacies; as we have already stated above。



  That our programme; then; has been adequately completed is clear。



But we must not omit to notice what has happened in regard to this



inquiry。 For in the case of all discoveries the results of previous



labours that have been handed down from others have been advanced



bit by bit by those who have taken them on; whereas the original



discoveries generally make advance that is small at first though



much more useful than the development which later springs out of them。



For it may be that in everything; as the saying is; 'the first start



is the main part': and for this reason also it is the most



difficult; for in proportion as it is most potent in its influence; so



it is smallest in its compass and therefore most difficult to see:



whereas when this is once discovered; it is easier to add and



develop the remainder in connexion with it。 This is in fact what has



happened in regard to rhetorical speeches and to practically all the



other arts: for those who discovered the beginnings of them advanced



them in all only a little way; whereas the celebrities of to…day are



the heirs (so to speak) of a long succession of men who have



advanced them bit by bit; and so have developed them to their



present form; Tisias coming next after the first founders; then



Thrasymachus after Tisias; and Theodorus next to him; while several



people have made their several contributions to it: and therefore it



is not to be wondered at that the art has attained considerable



dimensions。 Of this inquiry; on the other hand; it was not the case



that part of the work had been thoroughly done before; while part



had not。 Nothing existed at all。 For the training given by the paid



professors of contentious arguments was like the treatment of the



matter by Gorgias。 For they used to hand out speeches to be learned by



heart; some rhetorical; others in the form of question and answer;



each side supposing that their arguments on either side generally fall



among them。 And therefore the teaching they gave their pupils was



ready but rough。 For they used to suppose that they trained people



by imparting to them not the art but its products; as though any one



professing that he would impart a form of knowledge to obviate any



pain in the feet; were then not to teach a man the art of



shoe…making or the sources whence he can acquire anything of the kind;



but were to present him with several kinds of shoes of all sorts:



for he has helped him to meet his need; but has not imparted an art to



him。 Moreover; on the subject of Rhetoric there exists much that has



been said long ago; whereas on the subject of reasoning we had nothing



else of an earlier date to speak of at all; but were kept at work



for a long time in experimental researches。 If; then; it seems to



you after inspection that; such being the situation as it existed at



the start; our investigation is in a satisfactory condition compared



with the other inquiries that have been developed by tradition;



there must remain for all of you; or for our students; the task of



extending us your pardon for the shortcomings of the inquiry; and



for the discoveries thereof your warm thanks。











                                   …THE END…





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