essays-1-第5部分

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eggars；　thieves；　robbers；　etc。　above　TEN　THOUSAND　of　these　vagabonds；　foreigners　and　natives；　were　actually　arrested　and　delivered　over　to　the　civil　magistrates；　and　that　in　taking　up　the　beggars　in　Munich；　and　providing　for　those　who　stood　in　need　of　public　assistance；　no　less　than　2600　of　the　one　description　and　the　other；　were　entered　upon　the　lists　in　one　week；　though　the　whole　number　of　the　inhabitants　of　the　city　of　Munich　probably　does　not　amount　to　more　than　60；000；　even　including　the　suburbs。

These　facts　are　so　very　extraordinary；　that　were　they　not　notorious；　I　should　hardly　have　ventured　to　mention　them；　for　fear　of　being　suspected　of　exaggeration；　but　they　are　perfectly　known　in　the　country；　by　every　body；　having　been　published　by　authority　in　the　news…papers　at　the　time；　with　all　their　various　details　and　specifications；　for　the　information　of　the　public。

What　has　been　said；　will；　I　fancy；　be　thought　quite　sufficient　to　show　the　necessity　of　applying　a　remedy　to　the　evils　described；　and　of　introducing　order　and　a　spirit　of　industry　among　the　lower　classes　of　the　people。　　I　shall　therefore　proceed；　without　any　farther　preface；　to　give　an　account　of　the　measures　which　were　adopted　and　carried　into　execution　for　that　purpose。


CHAPTER。　II。

　Various　preparations　made　for　putting　an　end　to　mendicity　in　bavaria。　　Cantonment　of　the　cavalry　in　the　country　towns　and　villages。　　Formation　of　the　committee　placed　at　the　head　of　the　institution　　　　for　the　poor　at　Munich。　　The　funds　of　that　institution。

As　soon　as　it　was　determined　to　undertake　this　great　and　difficult　work；　and　the　plan　of　operations　was　finally　settled；　various　preparations　were　made　for　its　execution。

The　first　preliminary　step　taken；　was　to　canton　four　regiments　of　cavalry　in　Bavaria　and　the　adjoining　provinces；　in　such　a　manner　that　not　only　every　considerable　town　was　furnished　with　a　detachment；　but　most　of　the　large　villages　were　occupied；　and　in　every　part　of　the　country　small　parties　of　threes；　fours；　and　fives；　were　so　stationed；　at　the　distance　of　one；　two；　and　three　leagues　from　each　other；　that　they　could　easily　perform　their　daily　patroles　from　one　station　to　another　in　the　course　of　the　day；　without　ever　being　obliged　to　stop　at　a　peasant's　house；　or　even　at　an　inn；　or　ever　to　demand　forage　for　their　horses；　or　victuals　for　themselves；　or　lodgings；　from　any　person　whatever。　This　arrangement　of　quarters　prevented　all　disputes　between　the　military　and　the　people　of　the　country。　　The　head…quarters　of　each　regiment；　where　the　commanding　officer　of　the　regiment　resided；　was　established　in　a　central　situation　with　respect　to　the　extent　of　country　occupied　by　the　regiment；each　squadron　had　its　commanding　officer　in　the　centre　of　its　district；　and　the　subalterns　and　non…commissioned　officers　were　so　distributed　in　the　different　cantonments；　that　the　privates　were　continually　under　the　inspection　of　their　superiors；　who　had　orders　to　keep　a　watchful　eye　over　them；to　visit　them　in　their　quarters　very　often；and　to　preserve　the　strictest　order　and　discipline　among　them。

To　command　these　troops；　a　general　officer　was　named；　who；　after　visiting　every　cantonment　in　the　whole　country；　took　up　his　residence　at　Munich。

Printed　instructions　were　given　to　the　officer；　or　non…commissioned　officer；　who　commanded　a　detached　post；　or　patrole；regular　monthly　returns　were　ordered　to　be　made　to　the　commanding　officers　of　the　regiment；　by　the　officers　commanding　squadrons；　to　the　commanding　general；　by　the　officers　commanding　regiments；　and　by　the　commanding　general；　to　the　council　of　war；　and　to　the　Sovereign。

To　prevent　disputes　between　the　military　and　the　civil　authorities；　and；　as　far　as　possible；　to　remove　all　grounds　of　jealousy　and　ill…will　between　them；　as　also　to　preserve　peace　and　harmony　between　the　soldiery　and　the　inhabitants；　these　troops　were　strictly　ordered　and　enjoined　to　behave　on　all　occasions　to　magistrates　and　other　persons　in　civil　authority　with　the　utmost　respect　and　deference；to　conduct　themselves　towards　the　peasants　and　other　inhabitants　in　the　most　peaceable　and　friendly　manner；　to　retire　to　their　quarters　very　early　in　the　evening；　and　above　all；　cautiously　to　avoid　disputes　and　quarrels　with　the　people　of　the　country。　　They　were　also　ordered　to　be　very　diligent　and　alert　in　making　their　daily　patroles　from　one　station　to　another；　to　apprehend　all　thieves　and　other　vagabonds　that　infested　the　country；　and　deliver　them　over　to　the　civil　magistrates；　to　apprehend　deserters；　and　conduct　them　from　station　to　station　to　their　regiments；to　conduct　all　prisoners　from　one　part　of　the　country　to　another；to　assist　the　civil　magistrate　in　the　execution　of　the　laws；　and　in　preserving　peace　and　order　in　the　country；　in　all　cases　where　they　should　be　legally　called　upon　for　that　purpose；to　perform　the　duty　of　messengers　in　carrying　government　dispatches　and　orders；　civil　as　well　as　military；　in　cases　of　emergency；　and　to　bring　accounts　to　the　capital；　by　express；　of　every　extraordinary　event　of　importance　that　happens　in　the　country；to　guard　the　frontiers；　and　assist　the　officers　of　the　revenue　in　preventing　smuggling；to　have　a　watchful　eye　over　all　soldiers　on　furlough　in　the　country；　and　when　guilty　of　excesses；　to　apprehend　them　and　transport　them　to　their　regiments；to　assist　the　inhabitants　in　case　of　fire；　and　particularly　to　guard　their　effects；　and　prevent　their　being　lost　of　stolen；　in　the　confusion　which　commonly　takes　place　on　those　occasions；to　pursue　and　apprehend　all　thieves；　robbers；　murderers；　and　other　malefactors；and　in　general；　to　lend　their　assistance　on　all　occasions　where　they　could　be　useful　in　maintaining　peace；　order；　and　tranquillity　in　the　country。

As　the　Sovereign　had　an　undoubted　right　to　quarter　his　troops　upon　the　inhabitants　when　they　were　employed　for　the　police　and　defence　of　the　country；　they　were　on　this　occasion　called　upon　to　provide　quarters　for　the　men　distributed　in　these　cantonments；　but　in　order　to　make　this　burden　as　light　as　possible　to　the　inhabitants；　they　were　only　called　upon　to　provide　quarters　for　the　non…commissioned　officers　and　privates；　and　instead　of　being　obliged　to　take　THESE　into　their　houses；　and　to　furnish　them　with　victuals　and　lodgings；　as　had　formerly　been　the　practice；　（and　which　was　certainly　a　great　hardship；）　a　small　house　or　barrack　for　the　men；　with　stabling　adjoining　to　it　for　the　horses；　was　built；　or　proper　lodgings　were　hired　by　the　civil　magistrate；　in　each　of　these　military　stations；　and　the　expense　was　levied　upon　the　inhabitants　at　large。　The　forage　for　the　horses　was　provided　by　the　regiments；　or　by　contractors　employed　for　that　purpose；　and　the　men；　being　furnished　with　a　certain　allowance　of　fire…wood；　and　the　necessary　articles　of　kitchen　furniture；　were　made　to　provide　for　their　own　subsistence；　by　purchasing　their　provisions　at　the　markets；　and　cooking　their　victuals　in　their　own　quarters。

The　officers　provided　their　own　lodgings　and　stabling；　being　allowed　a　certain　sum　for　that　purpose　in　addition　to　their　ordinary　pay。

The　whole　of　the　additional　expence　to　the　military　chest；　for　the　establishment　and　support　of　these　cantonments；　amounte