essays-1-第30部分

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stry　among　them；　for　it　is　most　certain；　that　all　sums　of　money；　or　other　assistance；　given　to　the　Poor　in　alms；　which　do　not　tend　to　make　them　industrious；　never　can　fail　to　have　a　contrary　tendency；　and　to　operate　as　an　encouragement　to　idleness　and　immorality。

And　as　the　merit　of　an　action　is　to　be　determined　by　the　good　it　produces；　the　charity　of　a　nation　ought　not　to　be　estimated　by　the　millions　which　are　paid　in　Poor's　taxes；　but　by　the　pains　which　are　taken　to　see　that　the　sums　raised　are　properly　applied。

As　the　providing　useful　employment　for　the　Poor；　and　rendering　them　industrious；　is；　and　ever　has　been；　a　great　DESIDERATUM　in　political　economy；　it　may　be　proper　to　enlarge　a　little　here；　upon　that　interesting　subject。

The　great　mistake　committed　in　most　of　the　attempts　which　have　been　made　to　introduce　a　spirit　of　industry；　where　habits　of　idleness　have　prevailed；　has　been　the　too　frequent　and　improper　use　of　coercive　measures；　by　which　the　persons　to　be　reclaimed　have　commonly　been　offended　and　thoroughly　disgusted　at　the　very　out…set。Force　will　not　do　it。Address；　not　force；　must　be　used　on　those　occasions。

The　children　in　the　house　of　industry　at　Munich；　who；　being　placed　upon　elevated　seats　round　the　halls　where　other　children　worked；　were　made　to　be　idle　spectators　of　that　amusing　scene；　cried　most　bitterly　when　their　request　to　be　permitted　to　descend　from　their　places；　and　mix　in　that　busy　crowd；　was　refused；but　they　would；　most　probably；　have　cried　still　more；　had　they　been　taken　abruptly　from　their　play　and　FORCED　to　work。

〃Men　are　but　children　of　a　larger　growth；〃　and　those　who　undertake　to　direct　them；　ought　ever　to　bear　in　mind　that　important　truth。

That　impatience　of　control；　and　jealousy　and　obstinate　perseverance　in　maintaining　the　rights　of　personal　liberty　and　independence；　which　so　strongly　mark　the　human　character　in　all　the　stages　of　life；　must　be　managed　with　great　caution　and　address；　by　those　who　are　desirous　of　doing　good；or；　indeed；　of　doing　any　thing　effectually　with　mankind。

It　has　often　been　said；　that　the　Poor　are　vicious　and　profligate；　and　that　THEREFORE　nothing　but　force　will　answer　to　make　them　obedient；　and　keep　them　in　order；but；　I　should　say；　that　BECAUSE　the　Poor　are　vicious　and　profligate；　it　is　so　much　the　more　necessary　to　avoid　the　appearance　of　force　in　the　management　of　them；　to　prevent　their　becoming　rebellious　and　incorrigible。

Those　who　are　employed　to　take　up　and　tame　the　wild　horses　belonging　to　the　Elector　Palatine；　which　are　bred　in　the　forest　near　Dusseldorf；　never　use　force　in　reclaiming　that　noble　animal；　and　　making　him　docile　and　obedient。　　They　begin　with　making　a　great　circuit；　in　order　to　approach　him；　and　rather　decoy　than　force　him　into　the　situation　in　which　they　wish　to　bring　him；　and　ever　afterwards　treat　him　with　the　greatest　kindness；　it　having　been　found　by　experience；　that　ill…usage　seldom　fails　to　make　him　〃a　man…hater；〃　untameable；　and　incorrigibly　vicious。It　may；　perhaps；　be　thought　fanciful　and　trifling；　but　the　fact　really　is；　that　an　attention　to　the　means　used　by　these　people　to　gain　the　confidence　of　those　animals；　and　teach　them　to　like　their　keepers；　their　stables；　and　their　mangers；　suggested　to　me　many　ideas　which　I　afterwards　put　in　execution　with　great　success；　in　reclaiming　those　abandoned　and　ferocious　animals　in　human　shape；　which　I　undertook　to　tame　and　render　gentle　and　docile。

It　is　however　necessary　in　every　attempt　to　introduce　a　spirit　of　order　and　industry　among　the　idle　and　profligate；　not　merely　to　avoid　all　harsh　and　offensive　treatment；　which；　as　has　already　been　observed；　could　only　serve　to　irritate　them　and　render　them　still　more　vicious　and　obstinate；　but　it　is　also　indispensably　necessary　to　do　every　thing　that　can　be　devised　to　encourage　and　reward　every　symptom　of　reformation。

It　will　likewise　be　necessary　sometimes　to　punish　the　obstinate；　but　recourse　should　never　be　had　to　punishments　till　GOOD　USAGE　has　first　been　fairly　tried　and　found　to　be　ineffectual。　The　delinquent　must　be　made　to　see　that　he　has　deserved　the　punishment；　and　when　it　is　inflicted；　care　should　be　taken　to　make　him　feel　it。　　But　in　order　that　the　punishment　may　have　the　effects　intended；　and　not　serve　to　irritate　the　person　punished；　and　excite　personal　hatred　and　revenge；　instead　of　disposing　the　mind　to　serious　reflection；　it　must　be　administered　in　the　most　solemn　and　most　DISPASSIONATE　manner；　and　it　must　be　continued　no　longer　than　till　the　FIRST　DAWN　of　reformation　appears。

How　much　prudence　and　caution　are　necessary　in　dispensing　rewards　and　punishments；and　yethow　little　attention　is　in　general　paid　to　those　important　transactions！

REWARDS　and　PUNISHMENTS　are　the　only　means　by　which　mankind　can　be　controlled　and　directed；　and　yet；　how　often　do　we　see　them　dispensed　in　the　most　carelessmost　imprudentand　most　improper　manner！how　often　are　they　confounded！how　often　misapplied！　and　how　often　do　we　see　them　made　the　instruments　of　gratifying　the　most　sordid　private　passions！

To　the　improper　use　of　them　may　be　attributed　all　the　disorders　of　civil　society。To　the　improper　or　careless　use　of　them　may；　most　unquestionably；　be　attributed　the　prevalence　of　poverty；　misery；　and　mendicity　in　most　countries；　and　particularly　in　Great　Britain；　where　the　healthfulness　and　mildness　of　the　climatethe　fertility　of　the　soilthe　abundance　of　fuelthe　numerous　and　flourishing　manufacturesthe　extensive　commerce　and　the　millions　of　acres　of　waste　lands　which　still　remain　to　be　cultivated；　furnish　the　means　of　giving　useful　employment　to　all　its　inhabitants；　and　even　to　a　much　more　numerous　population。

But　if　instead　of　encouraging　the　laudable　exertions　of　useful　industry；　and　assisting　and　relieving　the　unfortunate　and　the　infirm（the　only　real　objects　of　charity；）the　means　designed　for　those　purposes　are　so　misapplied　as　to　operate　as　rewards　to　idleness　and　immorality；　the　greater　the　sums　are　which　are　levied　on　the　rich　for　the　relief　of　the　poor；　the　more　numerous　will　that　class　become；　and　the　greater　will　be　their　profligacy；　their　insolence；　and　their　shameless　and　clamorous　importunity。

There　is；　it　cannot　be　denied；　in　man；　a　natural　propensity　to　sloth　and　indolence；　and　though　habits　of　industry；like　all　habits；may　render　those　exertions　easy　and　pleasant　which　at　first　are　painful　and　irksome；　yet　no　person；　in　any　situation；　ever　chose　labour　merely　for　its　own　sake。　　It　is　always　the　apprehension　of　some　greater　evil；or　the　hope　of　some　enjoyment；　by　which　mankind　are　compelled　or　allured；　when　they　take　to　industrious　pursuits。

In　the　rude　state　of　savage　nature　the　wants　of　men　are　few；　and　these　may　all　be　easily　supplied　without　the　commission　of　any　crime；　consequently　industry；　under　such　circumstances；　is　not　necessary；　nor　can　indolence　be　justly　considered　as　a　vice；　but　in　a　state　of　civil　society；　where　population　is　great；　and　the　means　of　subsistence　not　to　be　had　without　labour；　or　without　defrauding　others　of　the　fruits　of　their　industry；　idleness　becomes　a　crime　of　the　most　fatal　tendency；　and　consequently　of　the　most　heinous　nature；　and　every　means　should　be　used　to　discountenance；　puni