essays-1-第29部分

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y　be　highly　useful　in　carrying　into　effect　such　an　undertaking；　are　the　civil　magistrates；　and；　however　a　committee　for　the　government　and　direction　of　an　Establishment　for　the　Poor　may　in　other　respects　be　composed；　I　am　clearly　of　opinion；　that　the　Chief　Magistrate　of　the　town；　or　city；　where　such　an　Establishment　is　formed；　ought　always　to　be　one　of　its　members。　　The　Clergyman　of　the　place　who　is　highest　in　rank　or　dignity　ought；　likewise；　to　be　another；　and　if　he　be　a　Bishop；　or　Archbishop；　his　assistance　is　the　more　indispensable。

But　as　persons　who　hold　offices　of　great　trust　and　importance　in　the　church；　as　well　as　under　the　civil　government；　may　be　so　much　engaged　in　the　duties　of　their　stations；　as　not　to　have　sufficient　leisure　to　attend　to　other　matters；　it　may　be　necessary；　when　such　distinguished　persons　lend　their　assistance　in　the　management　of　an　Establishment　for　the　relief　of　the　Poor；　that　each　of　them　be　permitted　to　bring　with　them　a　person　of　his　own　choice　into　the　committee；　to　assist　him　in　the　business。　The　Bishop；　for　instance；　may　bring　his　chaplain；the　Magistrate；　his　clerk；the　Nobleman；　or　private　gentleman；　his　son；　or　friend；　etc。　　But　in　small　towns；　of　two　or　three　parishes；　and　particularly　in　country…towns　and　villages；　which　do　not　consist　of　more　than　one　or　two　parishes；　as　the　details　in　the　management　of　the　affairs　of　the　Poor　in　such　communities　cannot　be　extensive；　the　members　of　the　committee　may　manage　the　business　without　assistants。　And　indeed　in　all　cases；　even　in　great　cities；　when　a　general　Establishment　for　the　Poor　is　formed　upon　a　good　plan；　the　details　of　the　executive　and　more　laborious　parts　of　the　management　of　it　will　be　so　divided　among　the　commissaries　of　the　districts；　that　the　members　of　the　　supreme　committee　will　have　little　more　to　do　than　just　hold　the　reins；　and　direct　the　movement　of　the　machine。　Care　must　however　be　taken　to　preserve　the　most　perfect　uniformity　in　the　motions　of　all　its　parts；　otherwise　confusion　must　ensue；　hence　the　necessity　of　directing　the　whole　from　one　center。

As　the　inspection　of　the　Poor；the　care　of　them　when　they　are　sick；the　distribution　of　the　sums　granted　in　alms　for　their　support；the　furnishing　them　with　clothes；and　the　collection　of　the　voluntary　subscriptions　of　the　inhabitants；will　be　performed　by　the　commissaries　of　the　districts；　and　their　assistants；and　as　all　the　details　relative　to　giving　employment　to　the　Poor；　and　feeding　them；　may　be　managed　by　particular　subordinate　committees；　appointed　for　those　purposes；　the　current　business　of　the　supreme　committee　will　amount　to　little　more　than　the　exercise　of　a　general　superintendance。

This　committee；　it　is　true；　must　determine　upon　all　demands　from　the　Poor　who　apply　for　assistance；　but　as　every　such　demand　will　be　accompanied　with　the　most　particular　account　of　the　circumstances　of　the　petitioner；　and　the　nature　and　amount　of　assistance　necessary　to　his　relief；　certified　by　the　commissary　of　the　district　in　which　the　petitioner　resides；and　also　by　the　parochial　committee；　where　such　are　established；the　matter　will　be　so　prepared　and　digested；　that　the　members　of　the　supreme　committee　will　have　very　little　trouble　to　decide　on　the　merits　of　the　case；　and　the　assistance　to　be　granted。

This　assistance　will　consistin　a　certain　sum　to　be　given　WEEKLY　in　alms　to　the　petitioner；　by　the　commissary　of　the　district；　out　of　the　funds　of　the　Institution；in　an　allowance　of　bread　only；in　a　present　of　certain　articles　of　clothing；　which　will　be　specified；or；　perhaps；　merely　in　an　order　for　being　furnished　with　wood；　clothing；　or　fuel；　from　the　public　kitchens　or　magazines　of　the　Establishment；　AT　THE　PRIME　COST　of　those　articles；　AS　AN　ASSISTANCE　to　the　petitioner；　and　to　prevent　the　NECESSITY　OF　HIS　BECOMING　A　BURTHEN　ON　THE　　PUBLIC。

The　manner　last　mentioned　of　assisting　the　Poor；that　of　furnishing　them　with　the　necessaries　of　life　at　lower　prices　than　those　at　which　they　are　sold　in　the　public　markets；　is　a　matter　of　such　importance；　that　I　shall　take　occasion　to　treat　of　it　more　fully　hereafter。

With　respect　to　the　petitions　presented　to　the　committee；　whatever　be　the　assistance　demanded；　the　petition　received　ought　to　be　accompanied　by　a　duplicate；　to　the　end　that；　the　decision　of　the　　committee　being　entered　upon　the　duplicate；　as　well　as　upon　the　original；　and　the　duplicate　sent　back　to　the　commissary　of　the　district；　the　business　may　be　finished　with　the　least　trouble　possible；　and　even　without　the　necessary　of　any　more　formal　order　relative　to　the　matter　being　given　by　the　committee。

I　have　already　mentioned　the　great　utility　of　PRINTED　FORMS；　for　petitions；　returns；　etc。　in　carrying　on　the　business　of　an　Establishment　for　the　Poor；　and　I　would　again　most　earnestly　recommend　the　general　use　of　them。　　Those　who　have　not　had　experience　in　such　matters；　can　have　no　idea　how　much　they　contribute　to　preserve　order；　and　facilitate　and　expedite　business。　　To　the　general　introduction　of　them　in　the　management　of　the　affairs　of　the　Institution　for　the　Poor　at　Munich；　I　attribute；　more　than　to　any　thing　else；　the　perfect　order　which　has　continued　to　reign　throughout　every　part　of　that　extensive　Establishment；　from　its　first　existence　to　the　present　moment。

In　carrying　on　the　business　of　that　Establishment；　printed　forms　or　blanks　are　used；　not　only　for　petitions；returns；lists　of　the　Poor；　descriptions　of　the　Poor；lists　of　the　inhabitants；　lists　of　subscribers　to　the　support　of　the　Poor；orders　upon　the　banker　or　treasurer　of　the　Institution；but　also　for　the　reports　of　the　monthly　collections　made　by　the　commissaries　of　districts；the　accounts　sent　in　by　the　commissaries；　of　the　extraordinary　expences　incurred　in　affording　assistance　to　those　who　stand　in　need　of　immediate　relief；the　banker's　receipts；　and　even　the　books　in　which　are　kept　the　accounts　of　the　receipts　and　expenditures　of　the　Establishment。

In　regard　to　the　proper　forms　for　these　blanks；　as　they　must　depend；　in　a　great　measure；　upon　　local　circumstances；　no　general　directions　can　be　given；　other　than；　in　all　cases；　the　shortest　forms　that　can　be　drawn　up；　consistent　with　perspicuity；　are　recommended；　and　that　the　subject…matter　of　each　particular　or　single　return；　may　be　so　disposed　as　to　be　easily　transferred　to　such　general　tables；　or　general　accounts；　as　the　nature　of　the　return　and　other　circumstances　may　require。　　Care　should　likewise　be　taken　to　make　them　of　such　a　form；　SHAPE　and　dimension；　that　they　may　be　　regularly　folded　up；　and　docketed；　in　order　to　their　being　preserved　among　the　public　records　of　the　Institution。


CHAPTER。　IV。

　Of　the　Necessity　of　effectual　Measures　for　introducing　a　Spirit　　　　of　Industry　among　the　Poor　in　forming　an　Establishment　for　　　　their　Relief　and　Support。　　Of　the　Means　which　may　be　used　for　that　Purpose；　and　for　setting　　　　on　foot　a　Scheme　for　forming　an　Establishment　for　feeding　the　　　　Poor。

An　object　of　the　very　first　importance　in　forming　an　Establishment　for　the　relief　and　support　of　the　Poor；　is　to　take　effectual　measures　for　introducing　a　spirit　of　industry　among　them；　for　it　is　most　certain；　that　all　sums　of　money；　or　other　assistance；　given　to　the　P