essays-1-第22部分

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　establishment　very　interesting　to　those　who　visit　it；　which　is　an　object　of　more　real　importance　than　can　well　be　imagined　by　those　who　have　not　had　occasion　to　know　how　much　the　approbation　and　applause　of　the　public　facilitate　difficult　enterprizes。

The　means　of　uniting　the　rational　amusement　of　society；　with　the　furtherance　of　schemes　calculated　for　the　promotion　of　public　good；　is　a　subject　highly　deserving　the　attention　of　all　who　are　engaged　in　public　affairs。


CHAPTER。　IX。

　Of　the　means　used　for　extending　the　influence　of　the　institution　　　　for　the　poor　at　Munich；　to　other　parts　of　Bavaria。　　Of　the　progress　which　some　of　the　improvements　introduced　at　Munich　　　　are　making　in　other　countries。

Though　the　institution　of　which　I　have　undertaken　to　give　an　account；　was　confined　to　the　city　of　Munich　and　its　suburbs；　yet　measures　were　taken　to　extend　its　influence　to　all　parts　of　the　country。　The　attempt　to　put　an　end　to　mendicity　in　the　capital；　and　to　give　employment　to　the　Poor；　having　been　completely　successful；　this　event　was　formally　announced　to　the　public；　in　the　news…papers；　and　other　towns　were　called　upon　to　follow　the　example。　　Not　only　a　narrative　in　detail；　was　given　of　all　the　different　measures　pursued　in　this　important　undertaking；　but　every　kind　of　information　and　assistance　was　afforded　on　the　part　of　the　institution　at　Munich；　to　all　who　might　be　disposed　to　engage　in　forming　similar　establishments　in　other　parts　of　the　country。

Copies　of　all　the　different　lists；　returns；　certificates；　etc。　used　in　the　management　of　the　Poor；　were　given　gratis　to　all；　strangers　as　well　as　inhabitants　of　the　country；　who　applied　for　them；　and　no　information　relative　to　the　establishment；　or　to　any　of　its　details；　was　ever　refused。　　The　house　of　industry　was　open　every　day　from　morning　till　night　to　all　visitors；　and　persons　were　appointed　to　accompany　strangers　in　their　tour　through　the　different　apartments；　and　to　give　the　fullest　information　relative　to　the　details；　and　even　to　all　the　secrets　of　the　various　manufactures　carried　on；　and　printed　copies　of　the　different　tables；　tickets；　checks；　etc。　made　use　of　in　carrying　on　the　current　business　of　the　house；　were　furnished　to　every　one　who　asked　for　them；　together　with　an　account　of　the　manner　in　which　these　were　used；　and　of　the　other　measures　adopted　to　prevent　frauds　and　peculation　in　the　various　branches　of　this　extensive　establishment。

As　few　manufactures　in　Bavaria　are　carried　on　to　any　extent；　the　more　indigent　of　the　inhabitants　are；　in　general；　so　totally　unacquainted　with　every　kind　of　work　in　which　the　Poor　could　be　most　usefully　employed；　that　that　circumstance　alone　is　a　great　obstacle　to　the　general　introduction　throughout　the　country　of　the　measures　adopted　in　Munich　for　employing　the　Poor。　　To　remove　this　difficulty；　the　different　towns　and　communities　who　are　desirous　of　forming　establishments　for　giving　employment　to　the　Poor；　are　invited　to　send　persons　properly　qualified　to　the　house　of　industry　at　Munich；　where　they　may　be　taught；　gratis；　spinning；　in　its　various　branches；　knitting；　sewing；　etc。　in　order　to　qualify　them　to　become　instructors　to　the　Poor　on　their　return　home。　And　even　instructors　already　formed；　and　possessing　all　the　requisite　qualifications　for　such　an　office；　are　offered　to　be　furnished　by　the　house　of　industry　in　Munich　to　such　communities　as　shall　apply　for　them。

Another　difficulty；　apparently　not　less　weighty　than　that　just　mentioned；　but　which　is　more　easily　and　more　effectually　removed；　is　the　embarrassment　many　of　the　smaller　communities　are　likely　to　be　under　in　procuring　raw　materials；　and　in　selling　to　advantage　the　goods　manufactured；　or；　（as　is　commonly　the　case；）　IN　PART　ONLY　MANUFACTURED；　by　the　Poor。　　The　yarn；　for　instance；　which　is　spun　by　them　in　a　country…town　or　village；　far　removed　from　any　manufacture　of　cloth；　may　lie　on　hand　a　long　time　before　it　can　be　sold　to　advantage。　　To　remedy　this；　the　house　of　industry　at　Munich　is　ordered　to　furnish　raw　materials　to　such　communities　as　shall　apply　for　them；　and　receive　in　return　the　goods　manufactured；　at　the　full　prices　paid　for　the　same　articles　in　Munich。　　Not　only　these　measures；　and　many　others　of　a　similar　nature；　are　taken；　to　facilitate　the　introduction　of　industry　among　the　Poor　throughout　the　country；　but　every　encouragement　is　held　out　to　induce　individuals　to　exert　themselves　in　this　laudable　undertaking。　　Those　communities　which　are　the　first　to　follow　the　example　of　the　capital；　are　honourably　mentioned　in　the　news…papers；　and　such　individuals　as　distinguished　themselves　by　their　zeal　and　activity　upon　those　occasions；　are　praised　and　rewarded。

A　worthy　curate；　（Mr。　Lechner；）　preacher　in　one　of　the　churches　in　Munich；　who；　of　his　own　accord；　had　taken　upon　himself　to　defend　the　measures　adopted　with　regard　to　the　Poor；　and　to　recommend　them　in　the　most　earnest　manner　from　the　pulpit；　was　sent　for　by　the　Elector；　into　his　closet；　and　thanked　for　his　exertions。

This　transaction　being　immediately　made　known；　（an　account　of　it　having　been　published　in　the　news…papers；）　tended　not　a　little　to　engage　the　clergy　in　all　parts　of　the　country　to　exert　themselves　in　support　of　the　institution。

It　is　not　my　intention　to　insinuate　that　the　clergy　in　Bavaria　stood　in　need　of　any　such　motive　to　stimulate　them　to　action　in　a　cause　so　important　to　the　happiness　and　well…being　of　mankind；　and　consequently　so　nearly　connected　with　the　sacred　duties　of　their　office；on　the　contrary；　I　should　be　wanting　in　candour；　as　well　as　gratitude；　were　I　not　to　embrace　this　opportunity　of　expressing　publicity；　the　obligations　I　feel　myself　under　to　them　for　their　support　and　assistance。

The　number　of　excellent　sermons　which　have　been　preached；　in　order　to　recommend　the　measures　adopted　by　the　government　for　making　provision　for　the　Poor；　show　how　much　this　useful　and　respectable　body　of　men　have　had　it　at　heart　to　contribute　to　the　success　of　this　important　measure；　and　their　readiness　to　co…operate　with　me；　（a　Protestant；）　upon　all　occasions　where　their　assistance　has　been　asked；　not　only　does　honour　to　the　liberality　of　their　sentiments；　but　calls　for　my　personal　acknowledgments；　and　particular　thanks。

I　shall　conclude　this　Essay　with　an　account　of　the　progress　which　some　of　the　improvements　introduced　at　Munich　are　now　making　in　other　countries。　　During　my　late　journey　in　Italy　for　the　recovery　of　my　health；　I　visited　Verona；　and　becoming　acquainted　with　the　principal　directors　of　two　large　and　noble　hospitals；　la　Pieta；　and　la　Misericorde；　in　that　city；　the　former　containing　about　350；　and　the　latter　near　500　Poor；　I　had　frequent　occasions　to　converse　with　them　upon　the　subject　of　those　establishments；　and　to　give　them　an　account　of　the　arrangements　that　had　been　made　in　Munich。　　I　likewise　took　the　liberty　of　proposing　some　improvements；　and　particularly　in　regard　to　the　arrangements　for　feeding　these　Poor；　and　in　the　management　of　the　fires　employed　for　cooking。　　Fire…wood；　the　only　fuel　used　in　that　country；　is　extremely　scarce　and　dear；　and　made　a　very　heavy　article　in　the　expences　of　those　institutions。

Though　this　scarcity　of　fuel；　which　ha