essays-1-第17部分

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　destination　of　the　wool　which　is　lodged　in　each　bin　is　always　the　same；　it　is　sufficient　in　describing　the　wool　afterwards　as　it　passes　through　the　hands　of　the　different　manufacturers；　merely　to　mention　ITS　NUMBER；　that　is　to　say；　the　number　of　the　bin　the　sorted…wool　magazine　from　whence　it　was　taken。

As　a　more　particular　account　of　these　various　manipulations；　and　the　means　used　to　prevent　frauds；　may　not　only　be　interesting　to　all　who　are　curious　in　these　matters；　but　may　also　be　of　real　use　to　such　as　may　engage　in　similar　undertakings；　I　shall　take　the　liberty　to　enlarge　a　little　upon　this　subject。

From　the　magazine　of　sorted　wool；　the　master…clothier　receives　this　sorted　wool　again；　in　order　to　its　being　wolfed；greased；　carded；and　spun；　under　his　inspection；　and　then　delivered　into　the　store…room　of　woollen　yarn。　　As　woollen　yarn　he　receives　it　again；　and　delivers　it　to　the　cloth…weaver。　The　cloth…weaver　returns　it　in　cloth　to　the　steward。The　steward　delivers　it　to　the　fuller；the　fuller　to　the　cloth…shearer；the　cloth…shearer　to　the　cloth…presser；and　the　cloth…presser　to　the　steward；　and　by　this　last　it　is　delivered　into　the　Military　Magazine；　if　destined　for　the　army；　if　not；　it　is　placed　in　the　shop　for　sale。　The　master…clothier　is　answerable　for　all　the　sorted　wool　he　receives；　till　he　delivers　it　to　the　clerk　of　the　wool…spinners；　and　all　his　accounts　are　settled　with　the　steward　once　a　week。　The　clerk　of　the　spinners　is　answerable　for　the　carded　and　combed　wool　he　receives　from　the　master…clothier；　till　it　is　delivered　in　yarn　in　the　store…room；　and　his　accounts　are　likewise　settled　with　the　master…clothier；　and　with　the　clerk　of　the　store…room；　（who　is　called　the　clerk　of　the　control；）　once　a　week。　The　spinners　wages　are　paid　by　the　clerk　of　the　control；　upon　the　spin…ticket；　signed　by　the　clerk　of　the　spinners；　in　which　ticket；　the　quantity；　and　quality　of　the　yarn　spun　being　specified；　together　with　the　name　of　the　spinner；　the　weekly　delivery　of　yarn　by　the　clerk　of　the　spinners　into　the　store…room；　must　answer　to　the　spin…tickets　received　and　paid　by　the　clerk　of　the　control。　　More　effectually　to　prevent　frauds；　each　delivery　of　yarn　to　the　clerk　of　the　spinners　is　bound　up　in　a　separate　bundle；　to　which　is　attached　an　abstract　of　the　spin…ticket；　in　which　abstract　is　specified；　the　name　of　the　spinner；the　date　of　the　delivery；the　number　of　the　spin…ticket；and　the　quantity　and　quality　of　the　yarn。　　This　arrangement　not　only　facilitates　the　settlement　of　the　weekly　account　between　the　clerk　of　the　spinners　and　the　clerk　of　the　control；　when　the　former　makes　his　weekly　delivery　of　yarn　into　the　store…room；　but　renders　it　easy　also　to　　detect　any　frauds　committed　by　the　spinners。

The　wages　of　the　spinners　are　regulated　by　the　fineness　of　the　yarn；　that　is；　by　the　number　of　skains；　or　rather　knots；　which　they　spin　from　the　pound　of　wool。　　Each　knot　is　composed　of　100　threads；　and　each　thread；　or　turn　of　the　reel；　is　two　Bavarian　yards　in　length；　and　to　prevent　frauds　in　reeling；　clock…reels；　proved　and　sealed；　are　furnished　by　the　establishment　to　all　the　spinners。　It　is　possible；　however；　notwithstanding　this　precaution；　for　the　spinners　to　commit　frauds；　by　binding　up　knots　containing　a　smaller　number　of　threads　than　100。It　is　true　they　have　little　temptation　to　do　so；　for　as　their　wages　are　in　fact　paid　by　the　WEIGHT　of　the　yarn　delivered；　and　the　number　of　knots　serving　merely　to　determine　the　price　BY　THE　POUND　which　they　have　a　right　to　receive；　and　advantages　they　can　derive　from　frauds　committed　in　reeling　are　very　trifling　indeed。　But　trifling　as　they　are；　such　frauds　would　no　doubt　sometimes　be　committed；　were　it　not　known　that　it　is　absolutely　IMPOSSIBLE　for　them　to　escape　detection。

Not　only　the　clerk　of　the　spinners　examines　the　yarn　when　he　receives　it；　and　counts　the　threads　in　any　of　the　knots　which　appear　to　be　too　small；　but　the　name　of　the　spinner；　with　a　note　of　the　quantity　of　knots；　accompanies　the　yarn　into　the　store…room；　as　was　before　observed；　and　from　thence　to　the　spooler；　by　whom　it　is　wound　off；　any　frauds　committed　in　reeling　cannot　fail　to　be　brought　home　to　the　spinner。

The　bundles　of　carded　wool　delivered　to　the　spinners；　though　they　are　called　pounds；　are　not　exact　pounds。　　They　contain　each　as　much　more　　than　a　pound；　as　is　necessary；　allowing　for　wastage　in　spinning；　in　order　that　the　yarn　when　spun　may　weigh　a　pound。　If　the　yarn　is　found　to　be　wanting　in　weight；　a　proportional　deduction　is　made　from　the　wages　of　the　spinner；　which　deduction；　to　prevent　frauds；　amounts　to　a　trifle　more　than　the　value　of　the　yarn　which　is　wanting。

Frauds　in　weaving　are　prevented　by　delivering　the　yarn　to　the　weavers　by　weight；　and　receiving　the　cloth　by　weight　from　the　loom。　In　the　other　operations　of　the　manufactures；　such　as　fulling；　shearing；　pressing；　etc。　no　frauds　are　to　be　apprehended。

Similar　precautions　are　taken　to　prevent　frauds　in　the　linen；　cotton；and　other　manufactures　carried　on　in　the　house；　and　so　effectual　are　the　means　adopted；　that　during　more　than　five　years　since　the　establishment　was　instituted；　no　one　fraud　of　the　least　consequence　has　been　discovered；　the　evident　impossibility　of　escaping　detection　in　those　practices；　having　prevented　the　attempt。

Through　the　above…mentioned　details　may　be　sufficient　to　give　some　idea　of　the　general　order　which　reigns　in　every　part　of　this　extensive　establishment；　yet；　as　success　in　an　undertaking　of　this　kind　depends　essentially　on　carrying　on　the　business　in　all　its　various　branches　in　the　most　methodical　manner；　and　rendering　one　operation　a　check　upon　the　other；　as　well　as　in　making　the　persons　employed　absolutely　responsible　for　all　frauds　and　neglects　committed　in　their　various　departments；　I　shall　either　add　in　the　Appendix；　or　publish　separately；　a　full　account　of　the　internal　details　of　the　various　trades　and　manufactures　carried　on　in　the　Military　Work…house；　and　copies　of　all　the　different　tickets；returns；tables；accounts；　etc。　made　use　of　in　carrying　on　the　business　of　this　establishment。

Though　these　accounts　will　render　this　work　more　voluminous　than　I　could　have　wished；　yet；　as　such　details　can　hardly　fail　to　be　very　useful　to　those；　who；　either　upon　a　larger；　or　smaller　scale；　may　engage　in　similar　undertakings；　I　have　determined　to　publish　them。

To　show　that　the　regulations　observed　in　carrying　on　the　various　trades　and　manufactures　in　the　Military　Work…house　are　good；　it　will；　I　flatter　myself；　be　quite　sufficient　to　refer　to　the　flourishing　state　of　the　establishment；to　its　growing　reputation；to　its　extensive　connections；　which　reach　even　to　foreign　countries；to　the　punctuality　with　which　all　its　engagements　are　fulfilled；　to　its　unimpeached　credit；and　to　its　growing　wealth。

Notwithstanding　all　the　disadvantages　under　which　it　laboured　in　its　infant　state；　the　net　profits　arising　from　it　during　the　six　years　it　has　existed；　amount　to　above　100；000　florins；　after　the　expences　of　every　kind；salaries；wages；repairs；　etc。　have　been　deducted；　in　consequence　of　the　　augmentation　of　the　amount　of　the　orders　received　and　executed　the　last　year；　did　not　fall　much　short　of　HALF　A　MILLION　of　florins。